Integrated Programs for Science and Mathematics: Review of Related Literature

This study presents a review of literature on the integration of science and mathematics, focusing on the dominant trends in the related studies. Majority of the studies conclude that the concept of the integration between science and mathematics is still vogue. On the other hand, there are various methods, techniques and models to achieve this integration. Although these distinct models, methods and techniques are employed in the integration efforts, the results are the same. The integration improves the student achievement. However, there are also some barriers in these efforts. One of such problems is the lack of teachers' and pre-service teachers' content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge. The other deficiency is about the fact that teachers do not have sufficient experience for delivering integration programs since their pre-service education do not provide them with the opportunity to use it.