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    Performance of lightweight foamed concrete partially replacing cement with industrial and agricultural wastes: Microstructure characteristics, thermal conductivity, and hardened properties
    (Elsevier, 2023) Mydin, Md Azree Othuman; Sor, Nadhim Hamah; Althoey, Fadi; Ozkilic, Yasin Onuralp; Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri; Isleem, Haytham F.; Deifalla, Ahmed Farouk
    The production of eco-friendly concrete has been made possible by reusing agricultural and industrial wastes. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the characteristics of lightweight foamed concrete (LWF) produced from a protein-based foaming agent and including granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA), rice husk ash (RHA) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) at various substitution levels (0, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 %, and 60 %) with cement. By executing a slump test, the fresh characteristics of mixes were assessed. In addition, a total of 25 different LWF mixtures were produced and tested for their porosity, bulk density, compressive strength, bending strength, splitting tensile strength, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and thermal conductivity. To elucidate the causes for the experimental findings acquired, microstructural analysis was also performed. The findings indicate that the GGBS, FA, RHA, and POFA ratios of the LWFs increased due to a reduction in slump, porosity, water absorption, bulk density, and thermal conductivity up to 40 % GGBS, 30 % FA, 20 % RHA, and 30 % POFA. However, the compressive strength, bending strength, splitting tensile strength, UPV were raised up to 40 % GGBS, 30 % FA, 20 % RHA and 30 % POFA as substitution for cement. LWF containing 40 % GBS as a cement substitution also demonstrate larger compressive strength, bending strength, splitting tensile strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity in comparison with the control, 30 % FA, 20 % RHA, and 30 % POFA LWF. The findings are promising and reveal a major opportunity for developing eco-friendly LWF by partially substituting cement with GGBS and FA industrial by-product material, RHA and POFA agricultural waste materials as well.
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    Use of calcium carbonate nanoparticles in production of nano-engineered foamed concrete
    (Elsevier, 2023) Mydin, Md Azree Othuman; Jagadesh, P.; Bahrami, Alireza; Dulaimi, Anmar; Ozkilic, Yasin Onuralp; Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri; Jaya, Ramadhansyah Putra
    Researchers have shown significant interest in the incorporation of nanoscale components into concrete, primarily driven by the unique properties exhibited by these nanoelements. A nanoparticle comprises numerous atoms arranged in a cluster ranging from 10 nm to 100 nm in size. The brittleness of foamed concrete (FC) can be effectively mitigated by incorporating nanoparticles, thereby improving its overall properties. The objective of this investigation is to analyze the effects of incorporating calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CCNPs) into FC on its mechanical and durability properties. FC had a 750 kg/m3 density, which was achieved using a binder-filler ratio of 1:1.5 and a water-to-binder ratio of 0.45. The CCNPs material exhibited a purity level of 99.5% and possessed a fixed grain size of 40 nm. A total of seven mixes were prepared, incorporating CCNPs in FC mixes at the specific weight fractions of 0% (control), 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%. The properties that were assessed included the slump, bulk density, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, compressive strength, permeable porosity, water absorption, drying shrinkage, softening coefficient, and microstructural characterization. The results suggested that incorporating CCNPs into FC enhanced its mechanical and durability properties, with the most optimal improvement observed at the CCNPs addition of 4%. In comparison to the control specimen, it was witnessed that specimens containing 4% CCNPs demonstrated remarkably higher capacities in the compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural tests, with the increases of 66%, 52%, and 59%, respectively. The addition of CCNPs resulted in an improvement in the FC porosity and water absorption. However, it also led to a decrease in the workability of the mixtures. Furthermore, the study provided the correlations between the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, as well as the correlations between the compressive strength and flexural strength. In addition, an artificial neural network approach was employed, utilizing k-fold cross validation, to predict the compressive strength. The confirmation of the property enhancement was made through the utilization of a scanning electron microscope. & COPY; 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).