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    Chia Seed Mucilage Versus Guar Gum: Effects on Microstructural, Textural, and Antioxidative Properties of Set-Type Yoghurts
    (Inst Tecnologia Parana, 2020) Atik, Didem Sozeri; Demirci, Talha; Ozturk, Hale Inci; Demirc, Sumeyye; Sert, Durmus; Akin, Nihat
    Texture is an important parameter which influences on the quality and acceptability of yoghurts. The utilize of stabilizers in yoghurt manufacturing has become a prevalent application to improve the textural properties of yoghurts. In this context, guar gum obtained from Cyamopsis tetragonolobus is generally used as a natural stabilizer for its thickening and gelling properties. Accordingly, this study evaluated the use of chia seed mucilage as an alternative to guar gum to improve the textural properties of yoghurt. This study focused on the effect of using chia seed mucilage (CSM) and guar gum (GG) at 1, 2, and 3% concentrations on the textural and microstructural characteristics of yoghurts. The results of fortifications with CSM and GG on the physicochemical, sensory, and antioxidative properties of yoghurts were also evaluated. Compared to GG, CSM provided higher antioxidant activity which improved with increasing concentrations of CSM. An enhancement was observed in textural properties of yoghurts containing CSM and GG, but CSM concentrations up to 2% gave better effect on firmness. Besides, the microstructure of yoghurt was enhanced depending on the increase in CSM and GG amounts. No negative effect was determined on the sensory properties of the samples by CSM and GG additions. The results showed that CSM can be used in set-type yoghurt production as an alternative stabilizer by improving firmness and consistency and reducing syneresis. Furthermore, its use is suitable for industrial yoghurt production with regards to sensorial properties.
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    Chia Seed Mucilage Versus Guar Gum: Effects on Microstructural, Textural, and Antioxidative Properties of Set-Type Yoghurts
    (Inst Tecnologia Parana, 2020) Atik, Didem Sozeri; Demirci, Talha; Ozturk, Hale Inci; Demirc, Sumeyye; Sert, Durmus; Akin, Nihat
    Texture is an important parameter which influences on the quality and acceptability of yoghurts. The utilize of stabilizers in yoghurt manufacturing has become a prevalent application to improve the textural properties of yoghurts. In this context, guar gum obtained from Cyamopsis tetragonolobus is generally used as a natural stabilizer for its thickening and gelling properties. Accordingly, this study evaluated the use of chia seed mucilage as an alternative to guar gum to improve the textural properties of yoghurt. This study focused on the effect of using chia seed mucilage (CSM) and guar gum (GG) at 1, 2, and 3% concentrations on the textural and microstructural characteristics of yoghurts. The results of fortifications with CSM and GG on the physicochemical, sensory, and antioxidative properties of yoghurts were also evaluated. Compared to GG, CSM provided higher antioxidant activity which improved with increasing concentrations of CSM. An enhancement was observed in textural properties of yoghurts containing CSM and GG, but CSM concentrations up to 2% gave better effect on firmness. Besides, the microstructure of yoghurt was enhanced depending on the increase in CSM and GG amounts. No negative effect was determined on the sensory properties of the samples by CSM and GG additions. The results showed that CSM can be used in set-type yoghurt production as an alternative stabilizer by improving firmness and consistency and reducing syneresis. Furthermore, its use is suitable for industrial yoghurt production with regards to sensorial properties.
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    Determination of powder flow properties of skim milk powder produced from high-pressure homogenization treated milk concentrates during storage
    (Elsevier, 2018) Mercan, Emin; Sert, Durmus; Akin, Nihat
    The aim of this study was to determine effects of high-pressure homogenization (HPH) treatment to milk concentrates on powder flow properties of skim milk powders (SMP). For this purpose, SMP samples were produced from skim milk concentrates which were HPH treated at 0 (control), 50, 100 and 150 MPa. SMP samples were stored 180 days at 20 and 40 degrees C and caking, cohesion and powder flow speed dependency test (PFSD) were performed using a Powder Flow Analyzer. HPH treatment decreased cohesion and caking properties of SMPs. At the 0. day, cake strength of SMPs from HPH treated concentrates varied from 0.43-2.70 mN.m, whereas cake strength of SMP-0(control) was 8.20 mN.m. Cohesion index (CI) of samples ranged from 6.80-15.74 nun during storage. Based on CI, SMPs from HPH treated concentrates showed free and easy flowing flow behavior during storage at 20 and 40 degrees C. In addition, cohesion index at four speeds indicated that SMP from HPH treated concentrates were more flowable at even lower flow speeds then SMP-0. PFSD test verified that all SMP samples showed more free-flowing characteristics with increasing flow speeds. Flow stability of samples ranged from 0.95-1.15 and also flow stability of SMP-0 increased during storage at both 20 and 40 degrees C. The results revealed that HPH treatment to milk concentrates could improve powder flow properties of skim milk powders.
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    Effect of high-pressure homogenisation on viscosity, particle size and microbiological characteristics of skim and whole milk concentrates
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Mercan, Emin; Sert, Durmus; Akin, Nihat
    Effect of high-pressure (HPH) homogenisation on milk concentrates were studied. Skim and whole milk concentrates were homogenised at 0-150 and 0-40 MPa, respectively, and viscosity, particle size measurement, microbiological and colour characteristics determined. Up to a pressure of 120 MPa, viscosity of HPH-treated skim milk concentrates (SMC) was proportional to HPH pressure and was lower than that of the control (0 MPa). With whole milk concentrates (WMC), HPH decreased viscosity up to a pressure of 20 MPa; above 30 MPa viscosity increased. According to a power law model, both skim and whole milk concentrates showed shear-thinning flow behaviour. HPH at pressures above 120 MPa completely inactivated the microbial load of SMC. Up to a pressure of 50 MPa, HPH decreased the mean particle size (D [3,2]) of SMC; an increasing trend of D [3,2] was observed above 70 MPa. Except at 40 MPa, HPH decreased D [3,2] values of WMC samples. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    The effects of carbon dioxide addition to cheese milk on the microbiological properties of Turkish White brined cheese
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) Dertli, Enes; Sert, Durmus; Akin, Nihat
    This study invest0igated the effect of CO2 added to achieve three pH levels: pH 6.1, pH 6.2 and pH 6.3 for treatments X, Y, Z, respectively, on some microbiological properties of Turkish White (TW) brined cheese. For each pH, four batches of cheese were produced from: raw milk with no added carbon dioxide (UR), raw milk with carbon dioxide (TR), pasteurised milk with no carbon dioxide addition (UP) and pasteurised milk with carbon dioxide addition (TP). The microbiological analysis of TW brined cheeses was carried out for 90 days of maturation period. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, mesophilic lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and moulds and coliform group were determined in control and CO2 treatment groups. Mesophilic bacteria count was determined as 5.14, 5.29, 5.67 log cfu/g for pH 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3, respectively, in CO2-treated raw milk cheeses. Yeasts and moulds reduction increased significantly by applying CO2 (P < 0.01). For TW cheese samples, the most significant microbial inactivation was detected at sample groups of pH 6.1.
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    Fortification of set-type yoghurts with Elaeagnus angustifolia L. flours: Effects on physicochemical, textural, and microstructural characteristics
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Ozturk, Hale Inci; Aydin, Sumeyye; Sozeri, Didem; Demirci, Talha; Sert, Durmus; Akin, Nihat
    The effect of peeled oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) flour (PO) and unpeeled oleaster flour (UPO) in different levels (1% and 2%) on the quality parameters of set type yoghurt was investigated throughout 28 days of storage. Acidification kinetics, water holding capacity, syneresis level, textural characteristics and microstructure were firstly measured. Additionally, influence of oleaster flours on DPPH and ABTS(+) radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content of yoghurt samples was also assessed. Besides, all the products were subjected to sensorial preference test. Enrichment with 2% PO and UPO reduced fermentation time by 31 and 37 min, respectively. Addition of PO and UPO increased cohesiveness and the viscosity index, furthermore, syneresis decreased. Oleaster supplementation to yoghurt significantly increased scavenging activities of DPPH and ABTS radicals and the highest activities were determined in yoghurts fortified with 2% UPO. The results demonstrated that yoghurt with reduced syneresis, improved functional properties, and enhanced some textural characteristics can be achieved by a 2% UPO addition. Also, surprisingly yoghurts containing 2% UPO had similar consumer overall preference scores comparing to plain yoghurt.
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    Influence of hot and cold break tomato powders on survival of probiotic L. paracasei subsp. paracasei F19, texture profile and antioxidative activity in set-type yoghurts
    (Elsevier, 2020) Demirci, Talha; Sert, Durmus; Aktas, Kubra; Atik, Didem Sozeri; Negis, Hale Inci Ozturk; Akin, Nihat
    The yoghurt samples enriched with hot and cold break tomato powders (HBT and CBT) were evaluated by monitoring the changes in some physicochemical properties and bacterial viability during storage. Besides, radical scavenging activity, total phenolic contents, and textural parameters of samples were determined. Tomato powders were added at different levels (0.5, 1, 2%) and L. paracasei F19 was used with starter culture in yoghurt production. Total solids and ash content of yoghurt without powders were lower than the others. HBT supplementation significantly increased DPPH and ABTS + scavenging activities and the highest activities were determined in yoghurt samples containing 2% HBT (197.7 g/kg, 4.84 mol trolox/kg respectively). Total phenolic content of samples ranged from 5.00 to 14.92 g GAE/kg. The addition of tomato powders decreased firmness and viscosity and plain yoghurt was found to be more consistence (12161.80 g s) and cohesive (219.50 g). The pH values of samples decreased whereas titratable acidity values increased throughout 21 days of storage and L. pantacasei F19 counts was higher than 10(6) CFU/g at the end of storage.