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    The effect of heat treatment on phenolic compounds and fatty acid composition of Brazilian nut and hazelnut
    (Springer India, 2018) Ozcan, Mehmet Musa; Al Juhaimi, Fahad; Uslu, Nurhan
    Brazilian peanut oil content increased with oven heating (65.08%) and decreased with microwave heating process (61.00%). While the phenolic content of untreated Brazilian nut was the highest of 68.97 mg GAE/100 g. Hazelnut (Sivri) contained the highest antioxidant activity (86.52%, untreated). Results reflected significantly differences between the antioxidant effect and total phenol contents of Brazilian nut and hazelnut (Sivri) kernels heated in the oven and microwave. Microwave heating caused a decrease in antioxidant activity of hazelnut. Gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and (+)- and catechin were the main phenolic compounds of raw Brazilian nut with the value of 5.33, 4.33 and 4.88 mg/100 g, respectively, while the dominant phenolics of raw hazelnut (Sivri) kernels were gallic acid (4.81 mg/100 g), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (4.61 mg/100 g), (+)-catechin (6.96 mg/100 g) and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (4.14 mg/100 g). Both conventional and microwave heating caused minor reduction in phenolic compounds. The main fatty acids of Brazilian nut oil were linoleic (44.39-48.18%), oleic (27.74-31.74%), palmitic (13.09-13.70%) and stearic (8.20-8.91%) acids, while the dominant fatty acids of hazelnut (Sivri) oil were oleic acid (80.84%), respectively. The heating process caused noticeable change in fatty acid compositions of both nut oils.
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    The Effect of Heating Temperature on Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic Compounds of Plum and Mahaleb Fruits
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2019) Ghafoor, Kashif; Ahmed, Isam A. Mohamed; Dogu, Suleyman; Uslu, Nurhan; Fadimu, Gbemisola J.; Al Juhaimi, Fahad; Babiker, Elfadil E.
    The effect of heating at different temperatures (60, 80, 90,110, and 130 degrees C) on the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds present in plum and mahaleb fruits was investigated. The antioxidant activity values and total phenolic contents of fresh plum (93.82% measured by DPPH method, 787.79 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g dry weight determined by Folin method) and mahaleb fruits (81.80%, 634.47 mg GAE /100 g dry weight) were higher than plum and mahaleb fruits dried at different temperatures (p < 0.05). Generally, the heating process caused a reduction in both total phenolic content and antioxidant activity for plum and mahaleb. While (+)-catechin (92.62 mg/kg), 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (132.15 mg/kg), gallic acid (107.01 mg/kg), and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (74.59 mg/kg) are the key phenolic compounds in fresh plum, (+)-catechin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, and syringic and caffeic acids were the major phenolic compounds of mahaleb fruits. The polyphenol content of fruits and the class of phenolics present are significantly affected by heating temperature.
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    The Effect of Heating Temperature on Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic Compounds of Plum and Mahaleb Fruits
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2019) Ghafoor, Kashif; Ahmed, Isam A. Mohamed; Dogu, Suleyman; Uslu, Nurhan; Fadimu, Gbemisola J.; Al Juhaimi, Fahad; Babiker, Elfadil E.
    The effect of heating at different temperatures (60, 80, 90,110, and 130 degrees C) on the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds present in plum and mahaleb fruits was investigated. The antioxidant activity values and total phenolic contents of fresh plum (93.82% measured by DPPH method, 787.79 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g dry weight determined by Folin method) and mahaleb fruits (81.80%, 634.47 mg GAE /100 g dry weight) were higher than plum and mahaleb fruits dried at different temperatures (p < 0.05). Generally, the heating process caused a reduction in both total phenolic content and antioxidant activity for plum and mahaleb. While (+)-catechin (92.62 mg/kg), 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (132.15 mg/kg), gallic acid (107.01 mg/kg), and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (74.59 mg/kg) are the key phenolic compounds in fresh plum, (+)-catechin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, and syringic and caffeic acids were the major phenolic compounds of mahaleb fruits. The polyphenol content of fruits and the class of phenolics present are significantly affected by heating temperature.
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    Effect of some plant species on fatty acid composition and mineral contents of Ferulago, Prangos, Ferula, and Marrubium seed and oils
    (Wiley, 2019) Ghafoor, Kashif; Dogu, Sueleyman; Ahmed, Isam A. Mohamed; Fadimu, Gbemisola J.; Gecgel, Umit; Al Juhaimi, Fahad; Babiker, Elfadil E.
    The oil contents of seeds were between 4.92% (Ferulago aucheri) and 16.47% (Ferula parva). The highest oleic acid contents were detected in Ferulago syraea (67.15%), Ferulago pauciradiata (67.15%), Ferulago pachyloba (68.82%), Ferulago syriaca (66.16%), Prangos uechtritzii (60.37%), Ferula tingitana (77.26%), and Ferula szowitsiana (58.81%) seed oils. Oleic acid contents of Ferulago spp. (except F. aucheri) oils were found higher than those of other plant seed oils used in experiment (except F. tingitana). The behenic acid content (75.38%) of F. aucheri were significantly higher than other samples. The K contents of plants ranged between 2,888.41mg/kg (F. aucheri Boiss.) and 21,601.26mg/kg (Ferula lycia Boiss.); Ca contents of plants ranged between 5,041.86 (Marrubium catariifolium Desr.) and 39,858.36mg/kg (F. tingitana L.). In addition, the P contents of plants remained between 299.25 (M. catariifolium Desr.) and 4,674.64mg/kg (Marrubium trachyticum Boiss.). The protein contents of plant seeds ranged between 1.75 (F. aucheri Boiss.) and 5.40% (M. trachyticum Boiss.). Practical applicationsPlant seed oils have been used for centuries by rural communities in foods, medicines, cosmetics, and fuel. They have been observed to carry excellent nutritional, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical values. They are provided with good quantities of different nutrients and important fatty acids. The study will help to understand the differences in fatty acid and mineral composition of different plants from Apiaceae and Lamiaceae families.
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    Pecan walnut (Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch) oil quality and phenolic compounds as affected by microwave and conventional roasting
    (Springer India, 2017) Al Juhaimi, Fahad; Ozcan, Mehmet Musa; Uslu, Nurhan; Dogu, Suleyman
    In this study, the effects of conventional and microwave roasting on phenolic compounds, free acidity, peroxide value, fatty acid composition and tocopherol content of pecan walnut kernel and oil was investigated. The oil content of pecan kernels was 73.78% for microwave oven roasted at 720 W and 73.56% for conventional oven roasted at 110 A degrees C. The highest free fatty acid content (0.50%) and the lowest peroxide value (2.48 meq O-2/kg) were observed during microwave roasting at 720 W. The fatty acid profiles and tocopherol contents of pecan kernel oils did not show significant differences compared to raw samples. Roasting process in microwave oven at 720 W caused the reduction of some phenolic compounds, while the content of gallic acid exhibited a significant increase.