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    A Case Study on EEG Analysis: Embedding Entropy Estimations Indicate the Decreased Neuro-Cortical Complexity Levels Mediated by Methylphenidate Treatment in Children With ADHD
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2021) Cetin, Fatih Hilmi; Baris Usta, Mirac; Aydin, Serap; Guven, Ahmet Sami
    Objective: Complexity analysis is a method employed to understand the activity of the brain. The effect of methylphenidate (MPH) treatment on neuro-cortical complexity changes is still unknown. This study aimed to reveal how MPH treatment affects the brain complexity of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using entropy-based quantitative EEG analysis. Three embedding entropy approaches were applied to short segments of both pre- and post- medication EEG series. EEG signals were recorded for 25 boys with combined type ADHD prior to the administration of MPH and at the end of the first month of the treatment. Results: In comparison to Approximate Entropy (ApEn) and Sample Entropy (SampEn), Permutation Entropy (PermEn) provided the most sensitive estimations in investigating the impact of MPH treatment. In detail, the considerable decrease in EEG complexity levels were observed at six cortical regions (F3, F4, P4, T3, T6, O2) with statistically significant level (p < .05). As well, PermEn provided the most meaningful associations at central lobes as follows: 1) The largeness of EEG complexity levels was moderately related to the severity of ADHD symptom detected at pre-treatment stage. 2) The percentage change in the severity of opposition as the symptom cluster was moderately reduced by the change in entropy. Conclusion: A significant decrease in entropy levels in the frontal region was detected in boys with combined type ADHD undergoing MPH treatment at resting-state mode. The changes in entropy correlated with pre-treatment general symptom severity of ADHD and conduct disorder symptom cluster severity.
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    Comparison of domain specific connectivity metrics for estimation brain network indices in boys with ADHD-C
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Aydin, Serap; Cetin, Fatih Hilmi; Uytun, Merve Cikih; Babadagi, Zehra; Gueven, Ahmet Sami; Isik, Yasemen
    The goal of the present study is to propose the use of global connectivity measures as quantitative indicators of long-term medication in pediatric patients with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, combined type (ADHD-C). For this purpose, graph theoretical brain connectivity indices ar e computed from connectivity estimations across eyes-opened resting-state EEG recordings measured before and after the treatment with osmotic release oral system-methylphenidate for a month in 18 boys (aged between 7-12 years). In order to present the reliable results, neurofunctional correlations are firstly estimated in time (Pearson Correlation (PC), Spearman Corre-lation), frequency (Directed Transfer Function, Partial Directed Coherence) and phase (Phase Locking Value, Phase Lag Index) domains in between short segments of 2sec over single trials of 1m i n . Later, transitivit y , clustering coefficients, assortativity, global efficiency and modularity are computed from EEG based connectivit y matrices produced by each approach. Since the highest classification accuracy of 83.79% is provided by PC, statistical tests (one-way Anova, pair-wise multiple comparison) and step-wise logistic regression modelling are a l l examined to detect significant differences between pre-and post-treatment relevant connectivity measures. Statistical boxplots are also shown, as well. Overal l results reveal that global brain connectivity can be increased by long-term medication in pediatric ADHD-C in terms of increased segregation & resilience. This is the first study to demonstrate that long-term medication can normalize the functional brain connectivity in ADHD, which is characterized by decreased connectivity compared to controls.