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Öğe The Effect of Mammalian Sex Hormones on Polymorphism and Genomic Instability in the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)(Mdpi, 2022) Turkoglu, Aras; Haliloglu, Kamil; Balpinar, Ozge; Ozturk, Halil Ibrahim; Ozkan, Guller; Poczai, PeterMammalian sex hormones are steroid-structured compounds that support the growth and development of plants at low concentrations. Since they affect the physiological processes in plants, it has been thought that mammalian sex hormones may cause modifications to plant genomes and epigenetics. This study aims to determine whether different mammalian sex hormones (17 beta-estradiol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone) in several concentrations (0, 10(-4), 10(-6), and 10(-8) mM) affect genetic or epigenetic levels in bean plants, using in vitro tissue cultures from plumule explants. We investigated levels of DNA damage, changes in DNA methylation and DNA stability in common bean exposed to mammalian sex hormones (MSH) using inter-primer binding site (iPBS) and Coupled Restriction Enzyme Digestion-iPBS (CRED-iPBS) assays, respectively. The highest rate of polymorphism in iPBS profiles was observed when 10(-4) mM of estrogen (52.2%) hormone was administered. This finding indicates that genetic stability is reduced. In the CRED-iPBS profile, which reveals the methylation level associated with the DNA cytosine nucleotide, 10(-4) mM of estrogen hormone exhibited the highest hypermethylation value. Polymorphism was observed in all hormone administrations compared to the control (without hormone), and it was determined that genomic stability was decreased at high concentrations. Taken together, the results indicate that 17 beta-estradiol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in bean plants affect genomic instability and cause epigenetic modifications, which is an important control mechanism in gene expression.Öğe Effects of mammalian sex hormones on in vitro organogenesis of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)(Nature Portfolio, 2023) Haliloglu, Kamil; Turkoglu, Aras; Balpinar, Ozge; Ozturk, Halil Ibrahim; Ozkan, Guller; Poczai, PeterBeans are an important plant species and are one of the most consumed legumes in human nutrition, especially as a protein, vitamin, mineral, and fiber source. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a plant that also has an important role in natural nitrogen fixation. Currently, in vitro regeneration and micropropagation applications are limited in relation to genetic factors in bean Accordingly, there is great need to optimize micropropagation and tissue culture methods of the bean plant. To date, the effect of mammalian sex hormones (MSH) on in vitro conditions in P. vulgaris L. is poorly understood. This study examined the effects of different types of explants (embryo, hypocotyl, plumule, and radicle), MSH type (progesterone, 17 beta-estradiol, estrone, and testosterone), and MSH concentration (10(-4), 10(-6), 10(-8) and 10(-10) mmol L-1) on the responding explants induction rate (REI), viability of plantlets rate (VPR), shoot proliferation rate (SPR), root proliferation rate (RPR), and callus induction rate (CIR). The effects of mammalian sex hormones, concentrations, explant type, and their interactions were statistically significant (p <= 0.01) in all examined parameters. The best explants were embryo and plumule. Our results showed that the highest REI rate (100%) was recorded when 10(-10) mmol L-1 of all MSH was applied to MS medium using the plumule explant. The highest VPR (100%) was obtained when 10(-10) mmol L-1 of all MSH was applied to MS medium using the plumule explant. The highest root proliferation rates (77.5%) were recorded in MS medium supplemented with 10(-8) mmol L-1 17 beta-estradiol using embryo explant. The highest percentage of shoot-forming explants (100%) generally was obtained from embryo and plumule cultured in the MS culture medium with low MSH concentration. In addition, the highest CIR (100%) was obtained from embryo and plumule explant cultured in MS medium containing 10(-10) mmol L-1 of all MSH types. In conclusion, we observed that mammalian sex hormones may be used in bean in vitro culture.Öğe Effects of Zinc, Copper and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Induced DNA Methylation, Genomic Instability and LTR Retrotransposon Polymorphism in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(Mdpi, 2022) Haliloglu, Kamil; Turkoglu, Aras; Balpinar, Ozge; Nadaroglu, Hayrunnisa; Alayli, Azize; Poczai, PeterNanomaterials with unique and diverse physico-chemical properties are used in plant science since they improve plant growth and development and offer protection against biotic and abiotic stressors. Previous studies have explored the effects of such nanomaterials on different plant mechanisms, but information about the effects of nanomaterials on induced DNA methylation, genomic instability and LTR retrotransposon polymorphism in wheat is lacking. Therefore, the present study highlights the key role of nanoparticles in DNA methylation and polymorphism in wheat by investigating the effects of ZnO, CuO and gamma-Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) on mature embryo cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Nanoparticles were supplemented with Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium at normal (1X), double (2X) and triple (3X) concentrations. The findings revealed different responses to the polymorphism rate depending on the nanoparticle type and concentration. Genomic template stability (GTS) values were used to compare the changes encountered in iPBS profiles. ZnO, CuO and gamma-Fe3O4 NPs increased the polymorphism rate and cytosine methylation compared to the positive control while reducing GTS values. Moreover, non-gamma-Fe3O4 NPs treatments and 2X ZnO and CuO NP treatments yielded higher polymorphism percentages in both MspI-and HpaII-digested CRED-iPBS assays and were thus classified as hypermethylation when the average polymorphism percentage for MspI digestion was considered. On the other hand, the 3X concentrations of all nanoparticles decreased HpaII and MspI polymorphism percentages and were thus classified as hypomethylation. The findings revealed that MS medium supplemented with nanoparticles had epigenetic and genotoxic effects.