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Öğe Karyotype evolution and new chromosomal data in Erodium: chromosome alteration, polyploidy, dysploidy, and symmetrical karyotypes(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2020) Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Bozkurt, Havva; Eroglu, Halil ErhanChromosomal data are valuable and very useful for revealing evolution and speciation processes. Due to its wide distribution throughout the world, morphological differences, and chromosomal alterations, Erodium L'Her. is an important genus for investigating the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotype evolution. In the present study, the chromosome records of 15 taxa are provided; three are reported here for the first time (E. birandianum, E. gaillardotii, and E. hendrikii), seven present new chromosome numbers, and five are in agreement with previous reports. Karyotype evolution is summarized in the light of this data, and four different genomes are presented in the genus. Millions of years ago the ancestral karyotype was x = 9 in Asia (Genome I). Then, karyotypes x = 8 (Genome II) and x 10 (Genome III) were shaped through dysploidy in Anatolia and Asia. They were distributed in the Mediterranean Basin through the Anatolian land bridge and in North and South America via the Bering land bridge and the North Atlantic land bridge. Finally, a high proportion of polyploidization was observed in secondary centers, especially the Mediterranean Basin and Australia (Genome IV).Öğe New Chromosomal Data and Karyological Relationships in Geranium: Basic Number Alterations, Dysploidy, Polyploidy, and Karyotype Asymmetry(Inst Tecnologia Parana, 2022) Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Bozkurt, Havva; Eroglu, Halil ErhanChromosomal data and karyological relationships provides valuable contributions to understanding speciation and karyotypic phylogeny. Because of the large number of species, wide distribution, morphological differences and chromosomal variations, Geranium is an important genus for determining the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotypic phylogeny. In the present study, the chromosomal data of 38 taxa are provided, nine of which are given for the first time (G. eginense, G. gracile, G. ibericum subsp. jubatum, G. lasiopus, G. libani, G. libanoticum, G. petri-davisii, G. ponticum, G. psilostemon), five present new chromosome numbers (G. asphodeloides, G. ibericum subsp. ibericum, G. molle subsp. molle, G. pretense, G. rotundifolium), and 24 agree with previous reports. Eleven different diploid numbers (2n = 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 46, 48, 64, and 84) are detected. In basic numbers, infraspecific variations are encountered. The comprehensive variations of basic numbers and the relatively low rate of polyploid species showed in the present study promote the evolutionary significance of karyotype alterations by dysploidy mechanism. Regarding karyological relationships, G. sanguineum forms a monophyletic group by quite different karyological features, which are different basic number, diploid number, and karyotype sample and high ploidy level. Other clad consists of two subclades with a medium strong monophyletic group. In regression analyses, there are significant positive correlations between THL and 2n/ploidy levels. Asymmetry indices (CVCL and M-CA) show weak positive correlations mainly caused by polyploidy. The most asymmetrical karyotypes are G. molle subsp. bruitium in intrachromosomal asymmetry and G. asphodeloides in interchromosomal asymmetry.Öğe New Chromosomal Data and Karyological Relationships in Geranium: Basic Number Alterations, Dysploidy, Polyploidy, and Karyotype Asymmetry(Inst Tecnologia Parana, 2022) Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Bozkurt, Havva; Eroglu, Halil ErhanChromosomal data and karyological relationships provides valuable contributions to understanding speciation and karyotypic phylogeny. Because of the large number of species, wide distribution, morphological differences and chromosomal variations, Geranium is an important genus for determining the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotypic phylogeny. In the present study, the chromosomal data of 38 taxa are provided, nine of which are given for the first time (G. eginense, G. gracile, G. ibericum subsp. jubatum, G. lasiopus, G. libani, G. libanoticum, G. petri-davisii, G. ponticum, G. psilostemon), five present new chromosome numbers (G. asphodeloides, G. ibericum subsp. ibericum, G. molle subsp. molle, G. pretense, G. rotundifolium), and 24 agree with previous reports. Eleven different diploid numbers (2n = 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 46, 48, 64, and 84) are detected. In basic numbers, infraspecific variations are encountered. The comprehensive variations of basic numbers and the relatively low rate of polyploid species showed in the present study promote the evolutionary significance of karyotype alterations by dysploidy mechanism. Regarding karyological relationships, G. sanguineum forms a monophyletic group by quite different karyological features, which are different basic number, diploid number, and karyotype sample and high ploidy level. Other clad consists of two subclades with a medium strong monophyletic group. In regression analyses, there are significant positive correlations between THL and 2n/ploidy levels. Asymmetry indices (CVCL and M-CA) show weak positive correlations mainly caused by polyploidy. The most asymmetrical karyotypes are G. molle subsp. bruitium in intrachromosomal asymmetry and G. asphodeloides in interchromosomal asymmetry.Öğe Türkiye'den geranıaceae taksonlarının kromozom analizleri(Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2018) Bozkurt, Havva; Martin, EsraBu çalışmada, Türkiye'de doğal olarak yetişen Geraniaceae familyasına ait Erodium ve Geranium cinslerine ait 28 farklı takson sitogenetik yönden incelenmiştir. Bitkilere ait tohumlar ülkemizin farklı lokalitelerinden toplanmıştır. Mitotik metafaz kromozomlarının belirlenmesi, kısa ve uzun kol boyları, toplam haploid kromozom uzunlukları, kol oranları ve nispi boy uzunlukları ve Karyotip Analizleri Görüntü Analiz Sistemi (Bs200ProP) kullanılarak yapılmıştır. En küçük kromozom uzunluğu Erodium cinsinde Erodium alciniatum türüne ait (0.60 μm) olarak belirlenmiştir. Buna karşılık en büyük kromozom uzunluğu Geranium cinsinde Geranium asphodeloides türüne ait (3.77 μm) olduğu belirlenmiştir. En küçük kol oranı Erodium cinsinde Erodium lecanthum ve Erodium somanum türlerine ait (1.00 ), en büyük kol oranı Erodium cinsinde Erodium gailandotii taksonuna ait (3.09 ) incelenmiştir. En büyük toplam haploid kromozom uzunluğuna Geranium sanguineum taksonu, en küçük toplam haploid kromozom uzunluğuna ise Erodium oxyrrhynchum taksonu sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca en küçük nispi boya Geranium sanguineum taksonu sahip iken en büyük nispi boya Erodium lecanthum taksonu sahip olarak gözlenmiştir. Çalışmada yer alan Geraniaceae familyasına ait taksonların mitotik metafaz kromozom sayısı ve karyotip analizleri ezme-yayma preparasyon tekniği kullanılarak belirlenmiştir.
