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    The crosslinking and mechanical properties of SBR compounds with the addition of carburized pine nut cone ash
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2022) Bulbul, Saban; Buyuk, Seyda Suleyman
    In this study, four different pulps were prepared by adding 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% carburized pine nut cone ash to a reference rubber compound based on styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). After vulcanization, the hardness, density, tensile strength, percentage elongation, tearing strength, and crosslink density of the compound were measured. In addition, the effects of the crosslink density on the mechanical properties were examined. The properties of the carburized pine nut cone ash compounds were evaluated both among themselves and comparatively with the physical and mechanical properties of the reference compound. In addition, it increased the hardness as well as the crosslink density, and it was shown to provide advantages in terms of its density, tensile strength, tearing strength, and percentage elongation properties. Furthermore, the fracture surfaces of the compounds were characterized via scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion spectroscopy to explain the change in mechanical properties.
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    Investigation of Obtaining Natural Humic Acid From Asphaltites Commonly Found in Sirnak-Uludere Region
    (Gazi Univ, 2022) Taskesen, Edip; Acar, Sukru; Arli, Fatih; Dumrul, Hakan; Ertugrul, Gorkem; Bulbul, Saban; Ozcan, Emine
    The physical and chemical properties of asphaltites found in significant amounts in Sirnak and its surroundings are close to coal. But it differs from coal because of its formation sources and chemical processes. Asphaltites were separated from the oil in liquid state by tectonism and settled in other locations, hardened by chemical reactions during geological processes and turned into solid phase. Most of the heating need in the Southeastern Anatolia Region is met by asphaltites. However, it is a raw material with low calorific value, high content of ash, sulfur and moisture, and high potential to adversely affect air pollution.It contains nitrogen and humic acid that dissolves slowly in aqueous media and can be used as soil reinforcement. In this study, researches were made to obtain natural humic acid from the content of asphaltite samples taken from the mine reserve in Uludere district. In the experiments made with samples, the effects of pH changes, temperature changes, changes in mixing times, precipitation in KOH and HCl solution were investigated towards optimal humic acid recovery efficiency. Accordingly, natural humic acid was obtained with the highest efficiency of 33.95% as a result of the studies conducted with temperature experiments from the sample of the Uludere region.
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    Investigation of the usability of activated carbon as a filling material in nitrile butadiene rubber/natural rubber components and modeling by regression analysis
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2024) Bulbul, Saban; Ergun, Halime
    Activated carbon is a versatile material with a wide range of applications due to its porous structure and large surface area. In this study, activated carbon was manufactured from cellulose using zinc chloride and phosphoric acid activation agents, and it was characterized using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopes (FE-SEM), Energy Distribution Spectroscopy (EDS), mapping, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). Two different types of activated carbon utilized as a filler in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR)/Natural Rubber (NR) blends at different proportions (%0, %5, %10, %15 and 20%), and compared its properties to those of carbon black. The results showed that the addition of activated carbon improved the mechanical properties of the rubber blends, including hardness, tensile strength, and unit elongation. Furthermore, the experimental data obtained were used to examine the effects of carbon black, activated carbon salt, and activated carbon acid values on density, hardness, tensile strength, and percentage elongation variables using Multiple Linear Regressions (MLR). These models provided successful results in predicting the data with fewer experiments. The results have the potential to contribute to the promotion of the use of environmentally friendly materials in future research and to be an important step towards a sustainable industry.
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    The Production and mechanical Properties of carburized Corn Cob Ash added Rubber Compounds
    (Dr Alfred Huthig Verlag Gmbh, 2019) Bulbul, Saban; Akcakale, Nurettin
    In this study, the corn cob ashes (CCA) burnt in oxygen free environment have been used as filler material within SBR/Back Rubber and its impacts on the mechanical properties have been examined. Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR 1502) and Back Rubber have been used as the main matrix material. In addition to the fillers of calcite (CaCO3) and rubber powder in the general (G) compounding of a rubber formula used in the production of shoe sole; corn cob ash attained by burning in the lab type annealing furnace has been added by the ratios of 5-10-15-20% and new mixtures have been formed. new mixtures have been compared both to the general (G) compounding used by the operation and to one another.
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    Production of AA 2014 Matrix Wollostanite/Wood Ash Solid Waste Particle Reinforced Hybrid Composite with Powder Metallurgy and Investigation of Its Structural Properties
    (Springer, 2024) Gokmese, Hakan; Bulbul, Saban
    In this study, using AA 2014 aluminum alloy, AA2014/wollastanite, AA2014/wood ash, and AA2014/wollastanite/wood ash composite hybrid materials were produced by powder metallurgy method. The powders, whose mixing ratios were determined by weight, were mixed in a 3-dimensional mixer for 30 min. The prepared mixture powders were pressed uniformly under a pressure of 700 MPa, and cylindrical materials with a diameter of 10 mm were obtained. Then, the materials were sintered for 1 h under argon gas flow at a temperature of 600 degrees C. The density, microstructure, hardness, and wear behavior of the materials were examined. It was observed that the density of the composite materials increased relatively compared to AA 2014 alloy. As the particle reinforcement ratios increased, porosity amounts also increased in the composite and especially in the hybrid materials. In the wood ash-reinforced composite materials, the particles were distributed more homogeneously in the microstructure. The highest hardness value obtained was 70.65 HV in AA2014/15% wollastanite composite material. The weight loss increased in the materials created by particle reinforcement, and the lowest weight loss (170 mg) was determined in this material.