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    The effect of halloysite nanotube modification on wear behavior of carbon-aramid fiber reinforced hybrid nanocomposites
    (Wiley, 2022) Cetin, Mehmet Emin; Bastosun, Yusuf; Tatar, Ahmet Caner; Cetin, M. Huseyin; Demir, Okan; Onal, Gurol; Avci, Ahmet
    In this study, the carbon-aramid fiber reinforced hybrid composites are fabricated using a vacuum-assisted hand lay-up method using halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) modified epoxy matrix. Ball-on-disk wear tests are performed to analyze the tribological effect of neat and HNTs-added specimens at 10, 15, and 20 N loads and 1 m/s sliding speed. Additionally, the wear rate and friction coefficient results are obtained to investigate the effect of the HNTs on the tribological behavior of hybrid composites. The wear mechanism of neat and nanocomposite specimens is specified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and the elemental analysis of worn surfaces is performed using EDX. Finally, the surface morphology is evaluated with 3D topography images. Additionally, thermal camera images are used to identify the thermal conductivity effect of HNTs on wear. The wear test results show that HNTs-addition to composite decreased the friction coefficient by 9%, 10%, and 11% for 10 N, 15 N, and 20 N loadings, respectively. The wear rate is also decreased average by 75% for wear loadings. Surface form images acquired from 3D topography support the enhancement in the friction coefficient and wear rate values. Furthermore, thermal camera images show that thermal conductivity improvement on the contact region is attributed to well thermal properties of HNTs. Furthermore, the solid-lubricant characteristic of HNTs as forming tribofilm is determined as the main reason for the enhanced tribological performance of nanocomposites. Finally, a detailed wear mechanism is proposed to explain the wear behavior of HNTs-added carbon-aramid hybrid composites based on SEM images.
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    Effects of cryogenic and warm temperatures on quasi-static penetration resistance of carbon-aramid hybrid nanocomposites reinforced using halloysite nanotubes
    (Elsevier, 2021) Cetin, Mehmet Emin; Tatar, Ahmet Caner; Demir, Okan; Onal, Gurol; Avci, Ahmet
    The quasi-static penetration test of a composite structure aims to measure impact behavior under the out-of plane loadings without dynamic and rate effects. In this study, carbon-aramid reinforced nanocomposites were manufactured by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding and hand lay-up techniques and characterized by quasi-static penetration tests. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were added to epoxy resin as nanofillers. Quasi-static punch shear test (QS-PST) was performed using a 12.7-mm cylindrical punch with a 50.8-mm support span. QSPSTs tests were carried out at-50 degrees C,-25 degrees C, 0 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 50 degrees C to determine the effect of temperature on quasi-static penetration behavior of neat and HNT-reinforced carbon-aramid nanocomposites. Absorbed energy values and penetration force-displacement curves were acquired from QS-PSTs for each sample. Photographs of the front and rear sides of the samples were taken and analyzed. Moreover, the samples were cut from the middle, and the damage throughout the thickness of the composite samples were examined. It was observed that for all test samples, damages increased when the temperatures decreased. For the same temperature, nano particle addition to the samples resulted in higher penetration force and less damage. We confirmed the possibility of increasing penetration resistance and energy absorption capacity by adding HNT to carbon-aramid fibers at cryogenic and warm temperatures.
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    Optimization and prediction of thrust force, vibration and delamination in drilling of functionally graded composite using Taguchi, ANOVA and ANN analysis
    (Iop Publishing Ltd, 2019) Koklu, Ugur; Mayda, Murat; Morkavuk, Sezer; Avci, Ahmet; Demir, Okan
    Composite materials offers many advantages over traditional materials in terms of weight, strength and design flexibility. However, machining of these materials leads to some critical problems such as delamination, inferior surface finish and excessive tool wear due to their anisotropic and inhomogeneity structure. In particular, in manufacturing of the functionally graded composite (FGC) materials, this situation becomes more complicated since these composites have been made with different stacking sequences. In this work, drilling performance of FGC, depending on delamination, thrust force and vibration, has been investigated experimentally by using different cutting parameters, which are feed rate, spindle speed and material directions (carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy). From the results of experiments, the material direction has deeply affected the delamination (89.5%) but has rarely affected the thrust force (0.1%) and vibration (8.4%). Feed rate is the most impactful factor on thrust force and vibration generation. Whereas the feed rate has a direct proportion to the thrust force and delamination, the spindle speed has an inverse proportion to these responses. When the results evaluated generally, In addition to that, a surrogate model is created through ANN to estimate the responses or cutting parameters on the drilling process in a wider range.
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    Selectively Reinforced Functionally Graded Composite-like Glass/Carbon Polymer Nanocomposites: Designed for Efficient Bending and Impact Performance
    (Korean Fiber Soc, 2022) Demir, Okan; Tatar, Ahmet Caner; Eskizeybek, Volkan; Avci, Ahmet
    Offshore wind turbine blades (OWTBs) are exposed to various types of loadings during their service life. Moreover, due to their tremendous size, huge investment costs are established, including advanced engineering materials and production process solutions. To decrease their investment cost without sacrificing their mechanical performances, advanced engineering solutions in the view of material selection and design should be implemented. With this motivation, we aimed to develop a novel laminated composite design considering reducing investment costs without compromising the bending and impact resistance of an OWTB. For this, an efficient and cost-effective design of a functionally graded composite (FGM)-like glass/carbon fibers reinforced hybrid polymer composite with a specific stacking sequence was presented. To evaluate mechanical performance of the composite structure, tensile, flexural, and to simulate environmental conditions, low-velocity impact tests were conducted. Furthermore, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were also introduced into the polymer matrix to evaluate their effectiveness in the hybridized composite. Drastic improvements in the bending strength (55.8 %) and strain (39.7 %) were obtained compared to the neat carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites (CFs), especially with the aid of MWCNTs. According to impact tests, it was pointed out that it is possible to obtain higher impact peak forces (around 15 %) compared to neat CFs. However, MWCNTs contributed with slight increments in impact resistance but effectively restricted the impact damage propagation. This study reveals it is possible to tune the bending performance, the absorbed energy, and the damage extension by utilizing glass and carbon fiber laminates in an FGM-like structure.