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    Development and psychometric properties of the public attitude towards vaccination scale - Health belief model
    (Wiley, 2020) Kocoglu-Tanyer, Deniz; Dengiz, Kubra Sultan; Sacikara, Zeynep
    Aim The aim of this study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate the Public Attitude Towards Vaccination Scale - Health Belief Model. Design A methodological and prospective psychometric study. Method A three-phase construct was used to develop the Public Attitude Towards Vaccination Scale - Health Belief Model and to determine its psychometric properties: (1) creation of the item pool/conceptualization; (2) evaluation of the items; and (3) psychometric evaluation. This scale was tested using the construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses) and the reliability analysis. A psychometric assessment of the scale was conducted with 586 individuals. Data were collected between January - April 2018. Results Items of the scale were obtained by appraising the literature concerning vaccination and the other Health Belief Model scale and conducting interviews with mothers. The content validity ratio of this scale calculated according to experts' opinions ranged between 0.769 and 1.00. According to the exploratory factor analysis, there were five factors with an eigenvalue higher than 1 in the scale. These five factors accounted for 68.9% of the total variance. In confirmatory factor analysis, values of fit indices were excellent or acceptable. This scale had high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Conclusion This study successfully developed the Public Attitude Towards Vaccination Scale - Health Belief Model. In addition to researchers, this scale can be used by nurses while providing counselling for people with vaccine hesitancy/refusal. Impact This measurement tool can be used to understand and address 'vaccine hesitancy' by researchers. The results of the research using this measurement tool will provide valuable information to policymakers for preventing vaccine hesitancy. The validity and reliability of this scale can easily be conducted in different languages.
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    Modification of the Public Attitude Towards Vaccination Scale for use in adult vaccines
    (Wiley, 2024) Kocoglu-Tanyer, Deniz; Dengiz, Kubra Sultan; Sacikara, Zeynep
    BackgroundVaccination is a crucial protective intervention to prevent adult mortality and morbidity. Personal perceptions and resources have an important place in the vaccination decision.AimThis study aimed to modify the Public Attitude Towards Vaccination-Health Belief Model scale for adult vaccines and evaluate its psychometric properties.MethodsOverall, 626 people participated in this methodological study. Content validity index, confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency and item-total score correlation were used for validity and reliability. The independent samples t test, logistic regression analysis and ROC analysis were used for criterion and concurrent validity.ResultsIn confirmatory factor analysis, values of fit indices were excellent or acceptable. The Cronbach alpha value was between 0.83 and 0.92. According to criterion validity, the susceptibility, severity, benefit, and health motivation scores of those with the vaccine were higher than those without, whereas their barrier score was lower. The barrier subscale was a risk factor, whereas the benefit score was a protective factor that increased the likelihood of vaccination. The concurrent validity of the scale was tested with the COVID-19 vaccine. While the barrier subscale's ability to distinguish between vaccinated (specificity) and unvaccinated (sensitivity) individuals is excellent, it is acceptable for the other subscales.ConclusionModified PAVS-HBM is valid and reliable for adult vaccines. This scale was associated with vaccination behaviour and distinguished between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. What is already known about this topic?Vaccination rates are low in many countries due to issues of access, economy and infrastructure and in countries that provide vaccines.Low vaccination rates in adults are associated with mortality and morbidity.Vaccination management success is enhanced by orientation towards individual perceptions.What this paper adds?The modified Public Attitude Towards Vaccination Scale-Health Belief Model (PAVS-HBM) was demonstrated as a reliable and valid scale.This scale explains the vaccination behaviour for different adult vaccines.This scale's ability to distinguish between vaccinated (specificity) and unvaccinated (sensitivity) individuals is acceptable to excellent.The implications of this paper for practice:The scale can be used as a tool for researchers to evaluate the probability of individuals being vaccinated and to determine risk groups for vaccine refusal.It can be integrated with many models focused on behaviour change, and when used with a health model, the scale's explanation of individuals' vaccination behaviour can guide the structuring of nursing interventions for vaccination.
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    Public Attitudes and Beliefs Towards Childhood Vaccinations: Urban-Rural Differences and the Other Social Determinant of Health
    (Marmara Univ, Inst Health Sciences, 2023) Sacikara, Zeynep; Dengiz, Kubra Sultan; Tanyer, Deniz Kocoglu
    Objective: The study aimed to compare vaccination attitudes and behaviors of individuals living in rural and urban areas by evaluating the social determinants of health.Methods: This research was a secondary analysis study based on two projects examining vaccination attitudes of individuals, which were conducted separately in urban and rural areas. The researches were conducted in a city center and eight rural areas located in the central Anatolia region of Turkey. In total, 1,164 individuals were studied. Multiple regression analysis (enter model) was used for determinants of public attitude toward vaccination.Results: In urban areas, the rate of awareness of discussions about vaccination and the rate of consideration that vaccination should be a parental decision were higher than in rural areas. According to the public attitude toward vaccination-HBM Scale, the sub-dimensions of perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and health motivation scores of participants from rural residents were higher than those from urban residents. Regarding the sub-dimension of perceived barriers, participants from urban areas had a higher score. The social determinants of health, such as lack of health insurance, unemployment or low income, difficulty accessing health facilities, conviction that vaccination is a parental decision, moderate/poor economic perception, especially the profession, are effective in vaccine attitude.Conclusion: This study showed a difference between vaccination attitudes of individuals living in urban and rural areas.