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Cytotaxonomical study in five taxa of the genus Teucrium L. (Lamiaceae)
(Firenze Univ Press, 2015) Ozcan, Taner; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Martin, Esra; Altinordu, Fahim
In this study, karyotypes of Teucrium sandrasicum O. Schwarz, T. brevifolium Schreb., T. divaricatum Sieber subsp. villosum (Celak.) Rech.f., T. flavum L. subsp. hellenicum Rech.f. and T. kotschyanum Poech taxa growing naturally in Turkey were determined. T. sandrasicum is endemic to Turkey. The squash method for preparation was used for chromosomal investigations. As a result, T. divaricatum subsp. villosum has a somatic chromosome number as 2n = 64 while T. flavum subsp. hellenicum and T. kotschyanum have 2n = 32 chromosomes and also T. sandrasicum and T. brevifolium have 2n = 30 chromosomes. The ideograms and detailed chromosome morphology measurements of the species were performed by the use of Image Analysis System (Bs200Pro). The research has made contribution to the taxonomic revision of the genus Teucrium in Turkey.
Effect of aqueous extract, hydrosol, and essential oil forms of some endemicOriganumL. (Lamiaceae) taxa on polyphenol oxidase activity in fresh-cut mushroom samples
(Wiley-Hindawi, 2020) Tanhas, Esra; Martin, Esra; Korucu, Emine Nedime; Dirmenci, Tuncay
OriganumL. is one of the high-value medicinal and aromatic plants generally used for various purposes in the field of food and health. This study evaluated the effect of aqueous extract, hydrosol and essential oil forms of sevenOriganumtaxa including three endemic species in fresh-cut mushroom samples in order to prevent polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. Food samples were treated with these natural preservatives (aqueous extract, hydrosol, and essantial oil) and stored at 4 degrees C temperature for a maximum of 5 days. It was found that the extract form ofOriganum vulgareL. subsp.hirtum(Link) Ietsw. provided maximum PPO inhibition with 64.50% of reduction on 3rd day. Similarly, 3-fold reduction in hydrosol application was observed withOriganum bilgeriP. H. Davis which is the endemic plant. These results were conducted with the extract forms containing water are more effective than essential oil form to inhibit PPO activity. Practical applications In this study, we have investigated alternative usage of someOriganumplants as natural anti-browning food additives in mushroom samples. The samples separately treated with aqueous extract, hydrosol, and essential oil forms of differentOriganumplants were stored until 5 days. PPO activities of samples on 1st, 3rd, and 5th days were used to determinate the shelf life of mushrooms associating with their browness.
An important hybrid zone: evidence for two natural homoploid hybrids among three Origanum species
(Finnish Zoological Botanical Publishing Board, 2020) Dirmenci, Tuncay; Ozcan, Taner; Yazici, Turker; Arabaci, Turan; Celenk, Sevcan; Martin, Esra
Based on combined results of different approaches we describe two new natural hybrids, Origanum x bilgilii Dirmenci, T. Yazici & Arabaci and O. x dumanii Dirmenci, Arabaci & T. Yazici from southern Turkey (Antalya). They have a common parent, Origanum saccatum. Morphology and pollen micromorphology of the collected plants were studied, and a comparison of one nuclear (nrITS) and one chloroplast (rpl32) DNA marker was performed. The ploidy level of the two hybrids was established by chromosome counts. Both hybrids have some morphological characters in the leaves. bracts, calyces and corollas that are intermediate between those of their parents. Surface sculpturing and pollen grain size and shape of the hybrids vary and differ to a certain degree from those of the parental species. Heterozygous loci were detected in nrITS sequences of both O. x bilgilii and O. x dumanii, while rpl32 sequences were uninformative. Both hybrids and their parents have the same chromosome number of 2n = 30.
Karyotype Analyses on the Genus Lallemantia Fisch & CAMey. (Lamiaceae) from Turkey
(Univ Tokyo Cytologia, 2014) Ozcan, Taner; Gezer, Elif; Martin, Esra; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Altinordu, Fahim
In this research, Lallemantia iberica (Bieb.) Fisch. & Mey., L. canescens (L.) Fisch. & Mey. and L. peltata (L.) Fisch. & Mey. belonging to the Lallemantia Fisch. & C.A.Mey. genus (Lamiaceae) which is represented by three taxa growing naturally in Turkey, were studied. The somatic chromosome numbers observed in each taxa was 2n=14. The classification of chromosomes, the length of long and short arms, haploid chromosome length, arm ratio, centromeric index and relative chromosomal length were measured by Software Image Analyses (Bs200Pro). Also their karyotype asymmetry indices (TF%, As K%, Syi, Rec, A, A1 and A2) were calculated. According to the asymmetry index, L. peltata has a more symmetrical karyotype than L. canescens. This is the first study for account of chromosome counts and karyotypes for the studied taxa.
Karyotype Analyses on the Genus Lallemantia Fisch & CAMey. (Lamiaceae) from Turkey
(Univ Tokyo Cytologia, 2014) Ozcan, Taner; Gezer, Elif; Martin, Esra; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Altinordu, Fahim
In this research, Lallemantia iberica (Bieb.) Fisch. & Mey., L. canescens (L.) Fisch. & Mey. and L. peltata (L.) Fisch. & Mey. belonging to the Lallemantia Fisch. & C.A.Mey. genus (Lamiaceae) which is represented by three taxa growing naturally in Turkey, were studied. The somatic chromosome numbers observed in each taxa was 2n=14. The classification of chromosomes, the length of long and short arms, haploid chromosome length, arm ratio, centromeric index and relative chromosomal length were measured by Software Image Analyses (Bs200Pro). Also their karyotype asymmetry indices (TF%, As K%, Syi, Rec, A, A1 and A2) were calculated. According to the asymmetry index, L. peltata has a more symmetrical karyotype than L. canescens. This is the first study for account of chromosome counts and karyotypes for the studied taxa.
Karyotype evolution and new chromosomal data in Erodium: chromosome alteration, polyploidy, dysploidy, and symmetrical karyotypes
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2020) Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Bozkurt, Havva; Eroglu, Halil Erhan
Chromosomal data are valuable and very useful for revealing evolution and speciation processes. Due to its wide distribution throughout the world, morphological differences, and chromosomal alterations, Erodium L'Her. is an important genus for investigating the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotype evolution. In the present study, the chromosome records of 15 taxa are provided; three are reported here for the first time (E. birandianum, E. gaillardotii, and E. hendrikii), seven present new chromosome numbers, and five are in agreement with previous reports. Karyotype evolution is summarized in the light of this data, and four different genomes are presented in the genus. Millions of years ago the ancestral karyotype was x = 9 in Asia (Genome I). Then, karyotypes x = 8 (Genome II) and x 10 (Genome III) were shaped through dysploidy in Anatolia and Asia. They were distributed in the Mediterranean Basin through the Anatolian land bridge and in North and South America via the Bering land bridge and the North Atlantic land bridge. Finally, a high proportion of polyploidization was observed in secondary centers, especially the Mediterranean Basin and Australia (Genome IV).
Karyotype studies on the genus Origanum L. (Lamiaceae) species and some hybrids defining homoploidy
(Firenze Univ Press, 2020) Martin, Esra; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Arabaci, Turan; Yazici, Turker; Ozcan, Taner
In this study, chromosome numbers and structures of some Origanum L. taxa growing in Turkey were identified. Using the Image Analysis System, the complements of plant accessions belonging to eight sections, namely Amaracus (Gleditsch) Vogel, Anatolicon Benth., Brevifilamentum Ietsw., Longitubus Ietsw., Chilocalyx (Briq.) Ietsw., Majorana (Miller) Ietsw., Origanum, and Prolaticorolla Ietsw. were determined, by classification with the cytogenetic method. The chromosome number of all taxa except O. sipyleum L. (2n = 28) and O. rotundifolium Boiss. (2n = 28) is 2n = 30. In addition, the hybrids and their parental species have 2n = 30 chromosome numbers. Also, the smallest chromosome length is 0.32 mu m in O. sipyleum. The largest chromosome length is 2.02 mu m in O. minutiflorum O.Schwarz & P.H.Davis. The smallest total haploid length is 10.08 mu m in O. vulgare subsp. hirtum (Link) A.Terracc. and the largest value is 22.00 mu m in O. haussknechtii Boiss. The smallest mean length is 0.33 mu m in O. vulgare L. subsp. hirtum and O. saccatum P.H.Davis. The largest mean length is 0.74 mu m in O. sipyleum L. The chromosome numbers obtained in this study support the speciation of Origanum members via homoploid hybridization. Finally, the somatic chromosome numbers of 10 taxa (including 2 hybrids), chromosome measurements of 22 taxa (including 2 hybrids), and ideograms of 19 taxa (including 2 hybrids) were for the first time performed in this study.
Karyotype studies on the genus Origanum L. (Lamiaceae) species and some hybrids defining homoploidy
(Firenze Univ Press, 2020) Martin, Esra; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Arabaci, Turan; Yazici, Turker; Ozcan, Taner
In this study, chromosome numbers and structures of some Origanum L. taxa growing in Turkey were identified. Using the Image Analysis System, the complements of plant accessions belonging to eight sections, namely Amaracus (Gleditsch) Vogel, Anatolicon Benth., Brevifilamentum Ietsw., Longitubus Ietsw., Chilocalyx (Briq.) Ietsw., Majorana (Miller) Ietsw., Origanum, and Prolaticorolla Ietsw. were determined, by classification with the cytogenetic method. The chromosome number of all taxa except O. sipyleum L. (2n = 28) and O. rotundifolium Boiss. (2n = 28) is 2n = 30. In addition, the hybrids and their parental species have 2n = 30 chromosome numbers. Also, the smallest chromosome length is 0.32 mu m in O. sipyleum. The largest chromosome length is 2.02 mu m in O. minutiflorum O.Schwarz & P.H.Davis. The smallest total haploid length is 10.08 mu m in O. vulgare subsp. hirtum (Link) A.Terracc. and the largest value is 22.00 mu m in O. haussknechtii Boiss. The smallest mean length is 0.33 mu m in O. vulgare L. subsp. hirtum and O. saccatum P.H.Davis. The largest mean length is 0.74 mu m in O. sipyleum L. The chromosome numbers obtained in this study support the speciation of Origanum members via homoploid hybridization. Finally, the somatic chromosome numbers of 10 taxa (including 2 hybrids), chromosome measurements of 22 taxa (including 2 hybrids), and ideograms of 19 taxa (including 2 hybrids) were for the first time performed in this study.
Morphological, cytological, palynological and molecular evidence on two new hybrids from Turkey: an example of homoploid hybridization in Origanum (Lamiaceae)
(Magnolia Press, 2018) Dirmenci, Tuncay; Ozcan, Taner; Yazici, Turker; Arabaci, Turan; Martin, Esra
Two new hybrids of Origanum, O. x malyeri and O. x sevcaniae, are described and illustrated in detail. The general morphology, pollen and chromosome features, and nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (rp132) genomes of collected specimens were studied. Origanum xmalyeri is a hybrid between O. boissieri and O. vulgare subsp. hirtum and O. xsevcaniae is another hybrid between O. vulgare subsp. hirtum and O. vogelii. These two new hybrids have some morphological intermediate characters between their parents. The pollen morphology of O. xsevcaniae and its parents were studied and documented in detail using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). O. xsevcaniae pollen is small to medium (P=18.49-21.03 mu m, E=22.20-26.63 mu m), suboblate (73%) to oblate (22%), the range of P/E ratio is from 0.73 to 0.85. Pollen grains are hexacolpate with granular membranes. Pollen grains were identified as bireticulate exine ornamentation with scanning electron microscopy examinations. The somatic chromosome number of O. boissieri, O. vulgare subsp. hirtum, O. vogelii, and O. x sevcaniae were counted as 2n = 30. Pollen characters and somatic chromosome numbers of O. x malyeri could not be examined because it has only female flowers and has not any nutlets. Also, according to molecular results, O. xmalyeri and O. x sevcaniae have some polymorphic nucleotide regions in their nuclear ITS genomes and which means they have two different DNA dataset belonging to their parents. Also, some individuals of O. x sevcaniae parents have single nucleotide polymorphism, too. These individuals live together with their hybrids and hybridization is probably a continuing process in that hybrid swarms. These present results support previous reports for the speciation of Origanum members via hybridization.
New Chromosomal Data and Karyological Relationships in Geranium: Basic Number Alterations, Dysploidy, Polyploidy, and Karyotype Asymmetry
(Inst Tecnologia Parana, 2022) Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Bozkurt, Havva; Eroglu, Halil Erhan
Chromosomal data and karyological relationships provides valuable contributions to understanding speciation and karyotypic phylogeny. Because of the large number of species, wide distribution, morphological differences and chromosomal variations, Geranium is an important genus for determining the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotypic phylogeny. In the present study, the chromosomal data of 38 taxa are provided, nine of which are given for the first time (G. eginense, G. gracile, G. ibericum subsp. jubatum, G. lasiopus, G. libani, G. libanoticum, G. petri-davisii, G. ponticum, G. psilostemon), five present new chromosome numbers (G. asphodeloides, G. ibericum subsp. ibericum, G. molle subsp. molle, G. pretense, G. rotundifolium), and 24 agree with previous reports. Eleven different diploid numbers (2n = 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 46, 48, 64, and 84) are detected. In basic numbers, infraspecific variations are encountered. The comprehensive variations of basic numbers and the relatively low rate of polyploid species showed in the present study promote the evolutionary significance of karyotype alterations by dysploidy mechanism. Regarding karyological relationships, G. sanguineum forms a monophyletic group by quite different karyological features, which are different basic number, diploid number, and karyotype sample and high ploidy level. Other clad consists of two subclades with a medium strong monophyletic group. In regression analyses, there are significant positive correlations between THL and 2n/ploidy levels. Asymmetry indices (CVCL and M-CA) show weak positive correlations mainly caused by polyploidy. The most asymmetrical karyotypes are G. molle subsp. bruitium in intrachromosomal asymmetry and G. asphodeloides in interchromosomal asymmetry.
New Chromosomal Data and Karyological Relationships in Geranium: Basic Number Alterations, Dysploidy, Polyploidy, and Karyotype Asymmetry
(Inst Tecnologia Parana, 2022) Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Bozkurt, Havva; Eroglu, Halil Erhan
Chromosomal data and karyological relationships provides valuable contributions to understanding speciation and karyotypic phylogeny. Because of the large number of species, wide distribution, morphological differences and chromosomal variations, Geranium is an important genus for determining the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotypic phylogeny. In the present study, the chromosomal data of 38 taxa are provided, nine of which are given for the first time (G. eginense, G. gracile, G. ibericum subsp. jubatum, G. lasiopus, G. libani, G. libanoticum, G. petri-davisii, G. ponticum, G. psilostemon), five present new chromosome numbers (G. asphodeloides, G. ibericum subsp. ibericum, G. molle subsp. molle, G. pretense, G. rotundifolium), and 24 agree with previous reports. Eleven different diploid numbers (2n = 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 46, 48, 64, and 84) are detected. In basic numbers, infraspecific variations are encountered. The comprehensive variations of basic numbers and the relatively low rate of polyploid species showed in the present study promote the evolutionary significance of karyotype alterations by dysploidy mechanism. Regarding karyological relationships, G. sanguineum forms a monophyletic group by quite different karyological features, which are different basic number, diploid number, and karyotype sample and high ploidy level. Other clad consists of two subclades with a medium strong monophyletic group. In regression analyses, there are significant positive correlations between THL and 2n/ploidy levels. Asymmetry indices (CVCL and M-CA) show weak positive correlations mainly caused by polyploidy. The most asymmetrical karyotypes are G. molle subsp. bruitium in intrachromosomal asymmetry and G. asphodeloides in interchromosomal asymmetry.
A new species and a new natural hybrid of Origanum L. (Lamiaceae) from the west of Turkey
(2018) Dirmenci, Tuncay; Yazıcı, Türker; Özcan, Taner; Çelenk, Sevcan; Martin, Esra
Origanum ayliniae Dirmenci & Yazıcı, which differs significantly from O. dictamnus L., is described for the first time in this paper. In addition, a new hybrid, O. adae Dirmenci & Yazıcı, between O. ayliniae and O. sipyleum L., is described and investigated in detail. The general morphology, pollen structure, chromosome features, and nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (rpl32) genomes of collected specimens were studied. O. adae was determined to have some intermediate properties morphologically and palynologically that place it between the parents. Pollen size and shape were important features in the diagnosis of the hybrid and its parents in this study. The somatic chromosome number of O. ayliniae, O. adae, and O. sipyleum was counted as 2n = 30. According to the results of these different approaches, O. ayliniae differs significantly from O. dictamnus, which has a close relationship with O. ayliniae, and O. adae has a hybrid nature. These results support previous reports for the speciation of Origanum members via hybridization. This study aimed to present a new species (O. ayliniae), a new hybrid of O. adae, and their differences. In conclusion, O. ayliniae, O. adae, and O. sipyleum provide significant morphological, micromorphological, palynological, cytological, and molecular information about homoploid hybridization.
A rearranged homoploid hybrid species of Origanum (Lamiaceae): O. xmunzurense Kit Tan & Sorger
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2019) Dirmenci, Tuncay; Ozcan, Taner; Acar, Mikail; Arabaci, Turan; Yazici, Turker; Martin, Esra
Origanum munzurense Kit Tan & Sorger (Sect. Brevifilamentum Ietsw.) was described by Kit Tan & Sorger in 1984, and it is an accepted species related to O. acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.) Ietsw. belonging to sect. Brevifilamentum. It is morphologically intermediate between O. acutidens and O. vulgare L. subsp. gracile (K.Koch) Ietsw., and its type locality lies in the overlap zone between the geographic distributions of these two taxa. We hypothesized that O. munzurense is in fact a hybrid between the two aforementioned taxa and we tested this hypothesis with the general morphology, chromosome features, and nuclear (ITS1-ITS2) and chloroplast (rpl32) DNA sequences of specimens of O. munzurense and its putative parental species, O. vulgare subsp. gracile and O. acutidens. The somatic chromosome number of O. munzurense, O. vulgare subsp. gracile and O. acutidens were counted as 2n=30. Origanum munzurense presented polymorphic sites in the nuclear ITS region, but the chloroplast markers did not allow us to identify the putative maternal of O. munzurense. Our results suggest that O. munzurense is indeed a hybrid, and its rearrangement as a new homoploid hybrid (O. xmunzurense) would be more accurate. These present results support previous reports for the speciation of Origanum members via hybridization.

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