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    Chromosome counts and karyotype analysis of species of family Apocynaceae from Egypt
    (Firenze Univ Press, 2019) Heneidak, Samia; Martin, Esra; Altinordu, Fahim; Badr, Abdelfattah; Eroglu, Halil Erhan
    The chromosome counts of 13 species of family Apocynaceae in the flora of Egypt have been reported; one species from subfamily Periplocoideae and the other 12 species from subfamily Asclepiadoideae. The chromosome numbers are 2n = 22 for Periploca angustifolia, Glossonema boveanum, Pentatropis nivalis, Cynanchum acutum, Calotropis procera, Gomphocarpus sinaicus, Pergularia daemia and Pergularia tomentosa; 2n = 24 for Leptadenia arborea and Solenostemma arghel; 2n = 22, 44 for Caudanthera edulis, Caudanthera sinaica and Desmidorchis acutangulus. The chromosome numbers and karyotype analyses were firstly reported in Leptadenia arborea (2n = 24). The polyploid nature was demonstrated by the prevalence of cells with 2n = 4x = 44 chromosomes in Caudanthera edulis, Caudanthera sinaica and Desmidorchis acutangulus. The chromosomes are median and submedian as most species in the Apocynaceae. The intrachromosomal asymmetry and interchromosomal asymmetry were estimated with M-CA and CVCL values. In intrachromosomal asymmetry, Desmidorchis acutangulus is the most symmetrical karyotype, while Pergularia tomentosa is the most asymmetrical karyotype. In interchromosomal asymmetry, Glossonema boveanum is the most symmetrical karyotype, while Cynanchum acutum is the most asymmetrical karyotype.
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    Chromosome counts and karyotype analysis of species of family Apocynaceae from Egypt
    (Firenze Univ Press, 2019) Heneidak, Samia; Martin, Esra; Altinordu, Fahim; Badr, Abdelfattah; Eroglu, Halil Erhan
    The chromosome counts of 13 species of family Apocynaceae in the flora of Egypt have been reported; one species from subfamily Periplocoideae and the other 12 species from subfamily Asclepiadoideae. The chromosome numbers are 2n = 22 for Periploca angustifolia, Glossonema boveanum, Pentatropis nivalis, Cynanchum acutum, Calotropis procera, Gomphocarpus sinaicus, Pergularia daemia and Pergularia tomentosa; 2n = 24 for Leptadenia arborea and Solenostemma arghel; 2n = 22, 44 for Caudanthera edulis, Caudanthera sinaica and Desmidorchis acutangulus. The chromosome numbers and karyotype analyses were firstly reported in Leptadenia arborea (2n = 24). The polyploid nature was demonstrated by the prevalence of cells with 2n = 4x = 44 chromosomes in Caudanthera edulis, Caudanthera sinaica and Desmidorchis acutangulus. The chromosomes are median and submedian as most species in the Apocynaceae. The intrachromosomal asymmetry and interchromosomal asymmetry were estimated with M-CA and CVCL values. In intrachromosomal asymmetry, Desmidorchis acutangulus is the most symmetrical karyotype, while Pergularia tomentosa is the most asymmetrical karyotype. In interchromosomal asymmetry, Glossonema boveanum is the most symmetrical karyotype, while Cynanchum acutum is the most asymmetrical karyotype.
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    Chromosome number of some Satureja species from Turkey
    (Firenze Univ Press, 2022) Kavci, Esra; Martin, Esra; Eroglu, Halil Erhan; Yildirim, Fatih Serdar
    The genus Satureja belonging to the Lamiaceae family includes about 200 species, generally aromatic, distributed in the Mediterranean basin. In genus Satureja, the chromosomal data were reported from only 26 species. In this study, it is aimed to eliminate the deficiencies in the chromosomal data of Satureja species, which are dis-tributed in Turkey, which is center of origin and diversity of the genus Satureja. It was reported only one chromosome number (2n = 30), the first report for chromosome numbers of three taxa, the same chromosome count (exduding B-chromosomes) with previous report in only one species, and the new chromosome number in only one species. In conclusion, this study presented new data into the chromosomal records of genus Satureja that might be useful for interpreting or understanding relationships among the species. In addition, dysploidy and polyploidy variations might probably have played an important role in speciation. In this regard, the results contributed to some missing data in Satureja cytotaxonomy.
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    Comparative chromosomal features and new karyological data in Salvia: B-chromosomes, polyploidy, dysploidy and symmetric karyotypes
    (Soc Botanica Sao Paulo, 2022) Martin, Esra; Celep, Ferhat; Eroglu, Halil Erhan
    The genus Salvia is characterized by such small chromosomes, which has so far restricted the cytogenetic studies. Therefore, karyomorphological aspects of the chromosome complement were rarely analyzed in the genus. The aim of this study was to report the interspecific relationships and new chromosomal data in Salvia. The chromosomal records of 25 taxa were herein provided, 8 of which were reported for the first time, 3 presented new chromosome numbers, and 14 agreed previous reports. In addition, a detailed chromosomal data of 16 taxa were provided. Eleven different chromosome numbers (2n = 12, 14, 16, 18, 22, 26, 28, 36, 38, 42, and 52) were found by the basic number of 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, and 13. S. candelabrum was the only taxon with B-chromosomes. Salvia algeriensis had different chromosome numbers with probably dysploidy mechanisms. The polyploidy was demonstrated by the prevalence of cells with 2n = 4x = 28, 36, and 52 (tetraploid) and 2n = 6x = 42 (hexaploid). No clear relationship was observed between basic numbers/ploidy level and subgenera. Salvia taxa had different karyotypes in terms of asymmetry degrees, which had relatively low asymmetry in nine taxa, average asymmetry in five taxa, higher intrachromosomal asymmetry in S. glutinosa, and higher interchromosomal asymmetry in S. interrupta. S. taraxacifolia, S. canescens, S. jurisicii, and S. nutans were cytotaxonomically very close species by basic numbers of x = 11 and 13. The possible ancestral number is x = 11. The results contributed to some missing parts in Salvia cytotaxonomy.
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    Detailed chromosome measurements and karyotype asymmetry of some Vicia (Fabaceae) taxa from Turkey
    (Firenze Univ Press, 2018) Martin, Esra; Yildiz, Hatice Kubra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Binzat, Okan Kaan; Eroglu, Halil Erhan
    This study examined the detailed chromosome measurements and karyotype asymmetries of seven taxa in the genus Vicia. The taxa are V. articulata, V. cassubica, V. villosa subsp. villosa in sect. Cracca, V. noeana var. noeana, V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. peregrina in sect. Vicia and V. caesarea in sect. Ervum. V. cassubica, V. noeana var. noeana, V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. caesarea have 2n = 12 chromosomes. V. articulata, V. villosa subsp. villosa, V. peregrina have 2n = 14 chromosomes in somatic cells. Total chromosome lengths range between 2.93-4.99 mu m in V. articulata, 2.09-4.73 mu m in V. cassubica, 1.86-3.36 mu m in V. villosa subsp. villosa, 4.23-6.05 mu m in V. noeana var. noeana, 2.07-3.72 mu m in V. sativa subsp. sativa, 4.32-7.21 mu m in V. peregrina and 2.39-5.78 mu m in V. caesarea. The detailed chromosome measurements, relative lengths, centromeric indexes and karyotype asymmetries are also given. V. articulata is the most symmetrical karyotype, while V. villosa subsp. villosa is the most asymmetrical karyotype in intrachromosomal asymmetry including parameters of M-CA, AsK, TF, Syi, A1, and A. However, the asymmetrical karyotypes are different in interchromosomal asymmetries. While V. noeana var. noeana is the most symmetrical karyotype in CVCL, Rec, and A2. V. caesarea is the most asymmetrical karyotype in only CVCL and A2. Unlike all parameters, V. cassubica is the most asymmetrical karyotype in Rec value. The scatter diagrams are given between M-CA-CVCL and Syi-Rec.
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    Karyotype evolution and new chromosomal data in Erodium: chromosome alteration, polyploidy, dysploidy, and symmetrical karyotypes
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2020) Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Bozkurt, Havva; Eroglu, Halil Erhan
    Chromosomal data are valuable and very useful for revealing evolution and speciation processes. Due to its wide distribution throughout the world, morphological differences, and chromosomal alterations, Erodium L'Her. is an important genus for investigating the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotype evolution. In the present study, the chromosome records of 15 taxa are provided; three are reported here for the first time (E. birandianum, E. gaillardotii, and E. hendrikii), seven present new chromosome numbers, and five are in agreement with previous reports. Karyotype evolution is summarized in the light of this data, and four different genomes are presented in the genus. Millions of years ago the ancestral karyotype was x = 9 in Asia (Genome I). Then, karyotypes x = 8 (Genome II) and x 10 (Genome III) were shaped through dysploidy in Anatolia and Asia. They were distributed in the Mediterranean Basin through the Anatolian land bridge and in North and South America via the Bering land bridge and the North Atlantic land bridge. Finally, a high proportion of polyploidization was observed in secondary centers, especially the Mediterranean Basin and Australia (Genome IV).
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    Karyotypic phylogeny and polyploidy variations of Paronychia (Caryophyllaceae) taxa in Turkey
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2020) Eroglu, Halil Erhan; Altay, Derya; Budak, Umit; Martin, Esra
    Chromosomal data can provide very valuable information about karyotypic phylogeny and speciation. This is the first study on karyotype phylogeny and polyploidy variations of the genus Paronychia. In this context, the results are these: (1) in 14 taxa, the first report on chromosomes numbers; (2) in 2 taxa, equal chromosome numbers as in the previous report; (3) in all taxa, the first report of detailed karyotype analyses; (4) karyotype asymmetry data and generally symmetrical karyotypes; (5) karyotypic variations by mechanisms of dysploidy and polyploidy; and (6) phylogenetic relationships in Paronychia. The data indicate that Anatolia is an important area for the distribution of Paronychia. In light of all data, karyotype evolution is briefly summarized. The ancestral karyotype was x = 9 (millions of years ago). The karyotypes (x = 8 and x = 7) were then shaped by dysploidy. The rate of polyploidization then significantly increased in the genus. However, data should be supported by molecular analysis. In addition, the chromosome numbers of 8 species of Turkish Paronychia is still unknown. The determination of the karyological data of all species is very important to understand karyotype evolution and chromosomal phylogeny in Paronychia.
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    New Chromosomal Data and Karyological Relationships in Geranium: Basic Number Alterations, Dysploidy, Polyploidy, and Karyotype Asymmetry
    (Inst Tecnologia Parana, 2022) Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Bozkurt, Havva; Eroglu, Halil Erhan
    Chromosomal data and karyological relationships provides valuable contributions to understanding speciation and karyotypic phylogeny. Because of the large number of species, wide distribution, morphological differences and chromosomal variations, Geranium is an important genus for determining the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotypic phylogeny. In the present study, the chromosomal data of 38 taxa are provided, nine of which are given for the first time (G. eginense, G. gracile, G. ibericum subsp. jubatum, G. lasiopus, G. libani, G. libanoticum, G. petri-davisii, G. ponticum, G. psilostemon), five present new chromosome numbers (G. asphodeloides, G. ibericum subsp. ibericum, G. molle subsp. molle, G. pretense, G. rotundifolium), and 24 agree with previous reports. Eleven different diploid numbers (2n = 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 46, 48, 64, and 84) are detected. In basic numbers, infraspecific variations are encountered. The comprehensive variations of basic numbers and the relatively low rate of polyploid species showed in the present study promote the evolutionary significance of karyotype alterations by dysploidy mechanism. Regarding karyological relationships, G. sanguineum forms a monophyletic group by quite different karyological features, which are different basic number, diploid number, and karyotype sample and high ploidy level. Other clad consists of two subclades with a medium strong monophyletic group. In regression analyses, there are significant positive correlations between THL and 2n/ploidy levels. Asymmetry indices (CVCL and M-CA) show weak positive correlations mainly caused by polyploidy. The most asymmetrical karyotypes are G. molle subsp. bruitium in intrachromosomal asymmetry and G. asphodeloides in interchromosomal asymmetry.
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    New Chromosomal Data and Karyological Relationships in Geranium: Basic Number Alterations, Dysploidy, Polyploidy, and Karyotype Asymmetry
    (Inst Tecnologia Parana, 2022) Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Bozkurt, Havva; Eroglu, Halil Erhan
    Chromosomal data and karyological relationships provides valuable contributions to understanding speciation and karyotypic phylogeny. Because of the large number of species, wide distribution, morphological differences and chromosomal variations, Geranium is an important genus for determining the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotypic phylogeny. In the present study, the chromosomal data of 38 taxa are provided, nine of which are given for the first time (G. eginense, G. gracile, G. ibericum subsp. jubatum, G. lasiopus, G. libani, G. libanoticum, G. petri-davisii, G. ponticum, G. psilostemon), five present new chromosome numbers (G. asphodeloides, G. ibericum subsp. ibericum, G. molle subsp. molle, G. pretense, G. rotundifolium), and 24 agree with previous reports. Eleven different diploid numbers (2n = 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 46, 48, 64, and 84) are detected. In basic numbers, infraspecific variations are encountered. The comprehensive variations of basic numbers and the relatively low rate of polyploid species showed in the present study promote the evolutionary significance of karyotype alterations by dysploidy mechanism. Regarding karyological relationships, G. sanguineum forms a monophyletic group by quite different karyological features, which are different basic number, diploid number, and karyotype sample and high ploidy level. Other clad consists of two subclades with a medium strong monophyletic group. In regression analyses, there are significant positive correlations between THL and 2n/ploidy levels. Asymmetry indices (CVCL and M-CA) show weak positive correlations mainly caused by polyploidy. The most asymmetrical karyotypes are G. molle subsp. bruitium in intrachromosomal asymmetry and G. asphodeloides in interchromosomal asymmetry.
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    The new chromosomal data and karyotypic variations in genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae): dysploidy, polyploidy and symmetrical karyotypes
    (Firenze Univ Press, 2021) Eroglu, Halil Erhan; Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Aslan, Elif Gezer
    In this study, it was aimed to determine the chromosome number of 21 Sal-via L. species, to determine chromosome morphology, to reveal karyotype analysis in detail and to contribute to the cytotaxonomy of Salvia. In this context, the results are as follows: (i) the first report for the number of chromosomes of ten species, namely S. corrugata Vahl. (2n = 16), S. curviflora Benth. (2n = 16), S. darcyi J.Compton, S. greg-gii A.Gray, S. longifolia Nutt., S. vitifolia Benth. (2n = 22), S. subrotunda A.St.-Hil. ex Benth. (2n = 44), S. oppositiflora Ruiz & Pav. (2n = 56), S. stolonifera Benth. and S. atrocyanea Epling (2n = 60); (ii) the karyotypic variations and new chromosome num-bers different from previous reports for three species, namely S. cardiophylla Benth. (2n = 36), S. cuspidata Ruiz & Pav. (2n = 44) and S. microphylla Sesse & Moc. (2n = 46); (iii) the same chromosome numbers from previous reports for eight species, namely S. campanulata Wall. ex Benth. (2n = 16), S. elegans Vahl. (2n = 20), S. involucrata Cav., S. mexicana Sesse & Moc. (2n = 22), S. apiana Jeps., S. leucophylla Greene, S. mellifera Greene (2n = 30), and S. splendens Ker Gawl. (2n = 44); (iv) the detailed chromosome measurements and karyotype analyses for all species studied for the first time; (v) the symmetrical karyotypes for all studied species; (vi) the variations resulting from dys-ploidy or polyploidy and discussing their reasons.