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    Effect of methylprednisolone loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) bioabsorbable nanofibers on tendon healing and adhesion formation
    (Elsevier, 2023) Zuhour, Moath; Gunes, Cansu; Findik, Siddika; Dundar, Mehmet Akif; Gok, Orhan; Altuntas, Zeynep
    Background: Nanomaterials have been widely used in many fields such as vaccination and drug delivery. Beside its behavior as a degradable physical barrier, it can provide a controlled drug release. Tendon healing is a process full of complications, one of which is adhesion caused by excessive fibrosis.Aim: In this study, we aimed to prevent adhesion formation by using methylprednisolone (MP) loaded Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) mats. We used PLGA mats as both, biodegradable physical barrier to reduce the contact between surrounding tissues and healing tendon and as a drug delivery vehicle to release the antifibrotic MP with a controlled pattern.Methods: MP-loaded PLGA nanofiber mats were produced using electrospinning technique under optimized pa-rameters. To find the optimal MP dose, the drug was loaded in 15%, 25% and 35% concentrations. In vitro analysis included FT-IR, antibacterial, water absorption, biodegradability and drug release behavior tests. 70 rats' tendons were used for this study. After scarification of the rats, tendons were analyzed in terms of macroscopic, histopathological and biomechanical evaluation.Results: The neat PLGA and 15%, 25%, and 35% MP-loaded nanofibers lost 47%, 83%, 88%, and 97% of their initial weights at the end of the 8 weeks' degradation process. Within the first 24 h, mats including higher drug concentrations showed more initial release burst effect than samples loaded with lower concentrations. Cumu-lative drug release at 24 h was 29.5%, 27.6%, and 24.7% for PLGA nanofiber samples containing 15%, 25%, 35% MP, respectively. Macroscopically, When the groups were compared, no statistically significant difference was found between group 1 (no surgical intervention) and group 5 (25% MP/PLGA) in terms of length, characteristics and degree of the adhesion. Comparing to other groups statistically significant atrophic effect was found in group 6 (35% MP/PLGA).Conclusion: 25% MP-loaded PLGA reduces the formation of adhesions macroscopically comparable to tendons that didn't receive any surgical intervention. Microscopically, it provides better tendon healing compared to tendons that received only surgical repair or surgery + neat PLGA. Methylprednisolone did not only add an antibacterial effect to PLGA but also increased the hydrophilic property and degradation rate of PLGA. Increased steroid concentration also leads to atrophy at the healing tendons which can be prevented by modifying the PLGA design.
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    In vitro assessment of Momordica charantia/Hypericum perforatum oils loaded PCL/Collagen fibers: Novel scaffold for tissue engineering
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2024) Ediz, Emre Fatih; Gunes, Cansu; Kars, Meltem Demirel; Avci, Ahmet
    The research on tissue engineering applications has been progressing to manufacture ideal tissue scaffold biomaterials. In this study, a double-layered electrospun biofiber scaffold biomaterial including Polycaprolactone (PCL)/Collagen (COL) fibrous inner layer and PCL/ Momordica charantia (MC) and Hypericum perforatum (HP) oils fibrous outer layer was developed to manufacture a functional, novel tissue scaffold with the advantageous mechanical and biological properties. The main approach was to combine the natural perspective using medicinal oils with an engineering point of view to fabricate a potential functional scaffold for tissue engineering. Medicinal plants MC and HP are rich in functional oils and incorporation of them in a tissue scaffold will unveil their potential to augment both new tissue formation and wound healing. In this study, a novel double-layered scaffold prototype was fabricated using electrospinning technique with two PCL fiber layers, first is composed of collagen, and second is composed of oils extracted from medicinal plants. Initially, the composition of plant oils was analyzed. Thereafter the biofiber scaffold layers were fabricated and were evaluated in terms of morphology, physicochemistry, thermal and mechanical features, wettability, in vitro bio-degradability. Double-layered scaffold prototype was further analyzed in terms of in vitro biocompatibility and antibacterial effect. The medicinal oils blend provided antioxidant and antibacterial properties to the novel PCL/Oils layer. The results signify that inner PCL/COL layer exhibited advanced biodegradability of 8.5% compared to PCL and enhanced wettability with 11.7(degrees) contact angle. Strength of scaffold prototype was 5.98 N/mm(2) thanks to the elastic PCL fibrous matrix. The double-layered functional biofiber scaffold enabled 92% viability after 72 h contact with fibroblast cells and furthermore provided feasible attachment sites for the cells. The functional scaffold prototype's noteworthy mechanical, chemical, and biological features enable it to be suggested as a different novel biomaterial with the potential to be utilized in tissue engineering applications.