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    Dissociable Functional Brain Networks Associated With Apathy in Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Disease and Alzheimer's Disease
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) Altunkaya, Sabri; Huang, Sheng-Min; Hsu, Yen-Hsuan; Yang, Jir-Jei; Lin, Chien-Yuan; Kuo, Li-Wei; Tu, Min-Chien
    Few studies have investigated differences in functional connectivity (FC) between patients with subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially in relation to apathy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare apathy-related FC changes among patients with SIVD, AD, and cognitively normal subjects. The SIVD group had the highest level of apathy as measured using the Apathy Evaluation Scale-clinician version (AES). Dementia staging, volume of white matter hyperintensities (WMH), and the Beck Depression Inventory were the most significant clinical predictors for apathy. Group-wise comparisons revealed that the SIVD patients had the worst level of Initiation by factor analysis of the AES. FCs from four resting state networks (RSNs) were compared, and the connectograms at the level of intra- and inter-RSNs revealed dissociable FC changes, shared FC in the dorsal attention network, and distinct FC in the salient network across SIVD and AD. Neuronal correlates for Initiation deficits that underlie apathy were explored through a regional-specific approach, which showed that the right inferior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, and left anterior insula were the critical hubs. These findings broaden the disconnection theory by considering the effect of FC interactions across multiple RSNs on apathy formation.