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    Detailed chromosome measurements and karyotype asymmetry of some Vicia (Fabaceae) taxa from Turkey
    (Firenze Univ Press, 2018) Martin, Esra; Yildiz, Hatice Kubra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Binzat, Okan Kaan; Eroglu, Halil Erhan
    This study examined the detailed chromosome measurements and karyotype asymmetries of seven taxa in the genus Vicia. The taxa are V. articulata, V. cassubica, V. villosa subsp. villosa in sect. Cracca, V. noeana var. noeana, V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. peregrina in sect. Vicia and V. caesarea in sect. Ervum. V. cassubica, V. noeana var. noeana, V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. caesarea have 2n = 12 chromosomes. V. articulata, V. villosa subsp. villosa, V. peregrina have 2n = 14 chromosomes in somatic cells. Total chromosome lengths range between 2.93-4.99 mu m in V. articulata, 2.09-4.73 mu m in V. cassubica, 1.86-3.36 mu m in V. villosa subsp. villosa, 4.23-6.05 mu m in V. noeana var. noeana, 2.07-3.72 mu m in V. sativa subsp. sativa, 4.32-7.21 mu m in V. peregrina and 2.39-5.78 mu m in V. caesarea. The detailed chromosome measurements, relative lengths, centromeric indexes and karyotype asymmetries are also given. V. articulata is the most symmetrical karyotype, while V. villosa subsp. villosa is the most asymmetrical karyotype in intrachromosomal asymmetry including parameters of M-CA, AsK, TF, Syi, A1, and A. However, the asymmetrical karyotypes are different in interchromosomal asymmetries. While V. noeana var. noeana is the most symmetrical karyotype in CVCL, Rec, and A2. V. caesarea is the most asymmetrical karyotype in only CVCL and A2. Unlike all parameters, V. cassubica is the most asymmetrical karyotype in Rec value. The scatter diagrams are given between M-CA-CVCL and Syi-Rec.
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    Karyomorphological studies in seven taxa of the genus Salvia (Lamiaceae) in Turkey
    (Firenze Univ Press, 2015) Martin, Esra; Altinordu, Fahim; Celep, Ferhat; Kahraman, Ahmet; Dogan, Musa
    In this study, the karyotypes of mitotic chromosomes were determined of seven taxa of Salvia (Lamiaceae) collected from their natural habitats in Turkey: S. viridis (2n = 16), S. candidissima subsp. occidentalis (2n = 20), S. sclarea, S. ceratophylla, S. chionantha (2n = 22), S. viscosa and S. verticillata subsp. amasiaca (2n = 32). The karyotype formulae were 5m+3sm in S. viridis, 2M+5m+3sm in S. candidissima subsp. occidentalis, 1M+10m in S. sclarea, 8m+3sm in S. ceratophylla, 7m+4sm in S. chionantha, 9m+5sm+2st in S. viscosa, and 15m+1sm in S. verticillata subsp. amasiaca by the karyotype image analysis system. Somatic chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 16 to 2n = 32. The ideograms were drawn based on centromeric index and arranged in decreasing size order. The present results were compared with the previous cytological studies in the genus.
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    Karyotype evolution and new chromosomal data in Erodium: chromosome alteration, polyploidy, dysploidy, and symmetrical karyotypes
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2020) Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Bozkurt, Havva; Eroglu, Halil Erhan
    Chromosomal data are valuable and very useful for revealing evolution and speciation processes. Due to its wide distribution throughout the world, morphological differences, and chromosomal alterations, Erodium L'Her. is an important genus for investigating the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotype evolution. In the present study, the chromosome records of 15 taxa are provided; three are reported here for the first time (E. birandianum, E. gaillardotii, and E. hendrikii), seven present new chromosome numbers, and five are in agreement with previous reports. Karyotype evolution is summarized in the light of this data, and four different genomes are presented in the genus. Millions of years ago the ancestral karyotype was x = 9 in Asia (Genome I). Then, karyotypes x = 8 (Genome II) and x 10 (Genome III) were shaped through dysploidy in Anatolia and Asia. They were distributed in the Mediterranean Basin through the Anatolian land bridge and in North and South America via the Bering land bridge and the North Atlantic land bridge. Finally, a high proportion of polyploidization was observed in secondary centers, especially the Mediterranean Basin and Australia (Genome IV).
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    New Chromosomal Data and Karyological Relationships in Geranium: Basic Number Alterations, Dysploidy, Polyploidy, and Karyotype Asymmetry
    (Inst Tecnologia Parana, 2022) Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Bozkurt, Havva; Eroglu, Halil Erhan
    Chromosomal data and karyological relationships provides valuable contributions to understanding speciation and karyotypic phylogeny. Because of the large number of species, wide distribution, morphological differences and chromosomal variations, Geranium is an important genus for determining the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotypic phylogeny. In the present study, the chromosomal data of 38 taxa are provided, nine of which are given for the first time (G. eginense, G. gracile, G. ibericum subsp. jubatum, G. lasiopus, G. libani, G. libanoticum, G. petri-davisii, G. ponticum, G. psilostemon), five present new chromosome numbers (G. asphodeloides, G. ibericum subsp. ibericum, G. molle subsp. molle, G. pretense, G. rotundifolium), and 24 agree with previous reports. Eleven different diploid numbers (2n = 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 46, 48, 64, and 84) are detected. In basic numbers, infraspecific variations are encountered. The comprehensive variations of basic numbers and the relatively low rate of polyploid species showed in the present study promote the evolutionary significance of karyotype alterations by dysploidy mechanism. Regarding karyological relationships, G. sanguineum forms a monophyletic group by quite different karyological features, which are different basic number, diploid number, and karyotype sample and high ploidy level. Other clad consists of two subclades with a medium strong monophyletic group. In regression analyses, there are significant positive correlations between THL and 2n/ploidy levels. Asymmetry indices (CVCL and M-CA) show weak positive correlations mainly caused by polyploidy. The most asymmetrical karyotypes are G. molle subsp. bruitium in intrachromosomal asymmetry and G. asphodeloides in interchromosomal asymmetry.
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    New Chromosomal Data and Karyological Relationships in Geranium: Basic Number Alterations, Dysploidy, Polyploidy, and Karyotype Asymmetry
    (Inst Tecnologia Parana, 2022) Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Bozkurt, Havva; Eroglu, Halil Erhan
    Chromosomal data and karyological relationships provides valuable contributions to understanding speciation and karyotypic phylogeny. Because of the large number of species, wide distribution, morphological differences and chromosomal variations, Geranium is an important genus for determining the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotypic phylogeny. In the present study, the chromosomal data of 38 taxa are provided, nine of which are given for the first time (G. eginense, G. gracile, G. ibericum subsp. jubatum, G. lasiopus, G. libani, G. libanoticum, G. petri-davisii, G. ponticum, G. psilostemon), five present new chromosome numbers (G. asphodeloides, G. ibericum subsp. ibericum, G. molle subsp. molle, G. pretense, G. rotundifolium), and 24 agree with previous reports. Eleven different diploid numbers (2n = 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 46, 48, 64, and 84) are detected. In basic numbers, infraspecific variations are encountered. The comprehensive variations of basic numbers and the relatively low rate of polyploid species showed in the present study promote the evolutionary significance of karyotype alterations by dysploidy mechanism. Regarding karyological relationships, G. sanguineum forms a monophyletic group by quite different karyological features, which are different basic number, diploid number, and karyotype sample and high ploidy level. Other clad consists of two subclades with a medium strong monophyletic group. In regression analyses, there are significant positive correlations between THL and 2n/ploidy levels. Asymmetry indices (CVCL and M-CA) show weak positive correlations mainly caused by polyploidy. The most asymmetrical karyotypes are G. molle subsp. bruitium in intrachromosomal asymmetry and G. asphodeloides in interchromosomal asymmetry.
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    The new chromosomal data and karyotypic variations in genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae): dysploidy, polyploidy and symmetrical karyotypes
    (Firenze Univ Press, 2021) Eroglu, Halil Erhan; Martin, Esra; Kahraman, Ahmet; Aslan, Elif Gezer
    In this study, it was aimed to determine the chromosome number of 21 Sal-via L. species, to determine chromosome morphology, to reveal karyotype analysis in detail and to contribute to the cytotaxonomy of Salvia. In this context, the results are as follows: (i) the first report for the number of chromosomes of ten species, namely S. corrugata Vahl. (2n = 16), S. curviflora Benth. (2n = 16), S. darcyi J.Compton, S. greg-gii A.Gray, S. longifolia Nutt., S. vitifolia Benth. (2n = 22), S. subrotunda A.St.-Hil. ex Benth. (2n = 44), S. oppositiflora Ruiz & Pav. (2n = 56), S. stolonifera Benth. and S. atrocyanea Epling (2n = 60); (ii) the karyotypic variations and new chromosome num-bers different from previous reports for three species, namely S. cardiophylla Benth. (2n = 36), S. cuspidata Ruiz & Pav. (2n = 44) and S. microphylla Sesse & Moc. (2n = 46); (iii) the same chromosome numbers from previous reports for eight species, namely S. campanulata Wall. ex Benth. (2n = 16), S. elegans Vahl. (2n = 20), S. involucrata Cav., S. mexicana Sesse & Moc. (2n = 22), S. apiana Jeps., S. leucophylla Greene, S. mellifera Greene (2n = 30), and S. splendens Ker Gawl. (2n = 44); (iv) the detailed chromosome measurements and karyotype analyses for all species studied for the first time; (v) the symmetrical karyotypes for all studied species; (vi) the variations resulting from dys-ploidy or polyploidy and discussing their reasons.