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    Chronic immobilization stress induces anxiety-related behaviors and affects brain essential minerals in male rats
    (Hogrefe Ag-Hogrefe Ag Suisse, 2022) Sahin, Zafer; Ozkurkculer, Alpaslan; Kalkan, Omer Faruk; Ozkaya, Ahmet; Koc, Aynur; Koca, Raviye Ozen; Solak, Hatice
    Alterations of essential elements in the brain are associated with the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. It is known that chronic/overwhelming stress may cause some anxiety and/or depression. We aimed to investigate the effects of two different chronic immobilization stress protocols on anxiety-related behaviors and brain minerals. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups as follows (n = 10/group): control, immobilization stress-1 (45 minutes daily for 7-day) and immobilization stress-2 (45 minutes twice a day for 7-day). Stress-related behaviors were evaluated by open field test and forced swimming test. In the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups, percentage of time spent in the central area (6.38 +/- 0.41% and 6.28 +/- 1.03% respectively, p < 0.05) and rearing frequency (2.75 +/- 0.41 and 3.85 +/- 0.46, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) were lower, latency to center area (49.11 +/- 5.87 s and 44.92 +/- 8.04 s, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively), were higher than the control group (8.65 +/- 0.49%, 5.37 +/- 0.44 and 15.3 +/- 3.32 s, respectively). In the immobilization stress-1 group, zinc (12.65 +/- 0.1 ppm, p < 0.001), magnesium (170.4 +/- 1.7 ppm, p < 0.005) and phosphate (2.76 +/- 0.1 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were lower than the control group (13.87 +/- 0.16 ppm, 179.31 +/- 1.87 ppm and 3.11 +/- 0.06 ppm, respectively). In the immobilization stress-2 group, magnesium (171.56 +/- 1.87 ppm, p < 0.05), phosphate (2.44 +/- 0.07 ppm, p < 0.001) levels were lower, and manganese (373.68 +/- 5.76 ppb, p < 0.001) and copper (2.79 +/- 0.15 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were higher than the control group (179.31 +/- 1.87 ppm, 3.11 +/- 0.06 ppm, 327.25 +/- 8.35 ppb and 2.45 +/- 0.05 ppm, respectively). Our results indicated that 7-day chronic immobilization stress increased anxiety-related behaviors in both stress groups. Zinc, magnesium, phosphate, copper and manganese levels were affected in the brain.