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    Butter production from ozone-treated cream: Effects on characteristics of physicochemical, microbiological, thermal and oxidative stability
    (Elsevier, 2020) Sert, Durmus; Mercan, Emin; Kara, Ummugulsum
    The goal of this research was to investigate the effects of the ozone treatment (OT) to raw cream on the physicochemical, microbiological, thermal, and oxidative properties of butter. For this purpose, butter samples were produced from raw cream, which was ozone-treated for 5 (OT-5), 15 (OT-15), 30 (OT-30), and 60 (OT-60) min. The control sample was also produced from non-ozonated raw cream. OT increased firmness, consistency, and fat particle size values of cream. The firmness of butter was between 97 and 380 N. Average fat particle size of samples (D[3.2]) ranged from 22.1 to 30.2 mu m, in which OT decreased it. A monomodal fat particle size distribution was determined in all-butter samples. OT decreased b value (yellowness) of butter, and the lowest value was determined in OT-60. The induction time of butter changed from 1.04 (OT-60) - 32.9 h (control). Two melting peaks were determined in butter samples at 14.2-14.6 and 32.3-33 degrees C. Ozonation for 60 min caused 2.01 log reduction in Staphylococci. Above 15 min, OT completely inactivated Salmonella and yeast-mould. Coliform was not detected in OT-30 and OT-60. The results showed that OT resulted in higher microbiological quality in butter from raw cream.
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    Development of gelatine-based edible film by addition of whey powders with different demineralisation ratios: Physicochemical, thermal, mechanical and microstructural characterisation
    (Wiley, 2021) Sert, Durmus; Ucok, Gamze; Kara, Ummugulsum; Mercan, Emin
    The effects of using whey powders with different demineralisation rates on the physicochemical, thermal, mechanical, and microstructural properties of gelatine-based edible films were investigated. Films were produced from film-forming solutions (FFS) containing whey powder (WP) and 50, 70 and 90% demineralised whey powder (50DWP, 70DWP, 90DWP). The addition of whey powders increased the pH and particle size values of FFS. The zeta potential decreased significantly in the WP sample and gradually reduced depending on the demineralisation rate in the DWP samples. The addition of whey powders partially increased the density of the films. WP addition reduced the hydrophobicity of the film, while the addition of DWPs did not cause any change. The addition of whey powders decreased the L* and a* values of the films while increasing the b* values. Control was the most transparent, while 70DWP and 90DWP films had higher opacity. WP films had the most uniform and smooth surface. The highest degradation temperature (269.64 degrees C) was observed in the control sample. The weight loss of the control was 95%, whereas those of WP and DWP samples were 88-89%. WP addition reduced the tensile strength and increased the elasticity of the films.
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    Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of gelatine-based edible film made using kefir: Monitoring Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus growth on the film surface
    (Wiley, 2022) Ucok, Gamze; Kara, Ummugulsum; Sert, Durmus
    In present work, the effect of kefir use on edible film quality was characterized, and the mold growth on the films was monitored. Kefir was used in the production of gelatine-based film at concentrations ranging from 10% to 50%. The thickness of the films did not change with the use of kefir, however, their density increased. Hydrophilic properties of the films increased due to the decrease in the contact angle values of the films. The addition of kefir increased the greenness and yellowness of films and more significantly the opacity. The surface morphology of the films improved with the use of kefir, however cloudy structures were observed with excessive use. Kefir has also slightly reduced the mechanical properties of the films. Maximum thermogravimetric weight loss was determined on films with 30 and 50% kefir added. While no growth of Aspergillus flavus and A. paraciticus was observed on the film surface for 10 days. Novelty impact statement In the food and packaging industry, efforts to increase the use of natural packaging materials such as environmentally friendly, biodegradable coating, and edible films that can be used instead of petrochemical packaging materials are gaining importance. For this purpose, in this study, the use of kefir in the production of edible films was considered as an alternative. The use of kefir, which has many health benefits, contains a wide variety of antimicrobials and is the source of some probiotic strains, in the production of edible films gains importance in terms of functional food development.
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    Production of bread from doughs composed of high-pressure homogenisation treated flour slurries: effects on physicochemical, crumb grain and textural characteristics
    (Springer, 2021) Sert, Durmus; Mercan, Emin; Tongur, Aymelek; Kara, Ummugulsum
    This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical and textural characteristics of bread produced from doughs composed of high-pressure homogenization (HPH) treated flour slurries. For this purpose, bread samples were produced from doughs composed of HPH treated flour slurries at 0 (control), 20, 30, 50, and 70 MPa. HPH treatment resulted in decreased particle size with more uniformity in flour slurries. A monomodal particle size distribution was determined in slurries. HPH obtained higher firmness, consistency, and cohesivity in slurries. In bread samples, HPH increased yellowness and lightness values. The bread samples prepared from HPH treatment had 1.09-1.25 times higher specific volumes than the control sample. HPH treatment provided decreased hardness and increased cohesiveness and springiness values. Image analysis results showed HPH treatment decreased total cell count, whereas increased mean cell area of bread samples. The findings revealed that HPH treatment results in higher quality bread compared to control.
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    The use of microfiltration technique in the production of skim milk powder: The effect of milk transport conditions on the microbiological and physicochemical properties of milk and milk powders
    (Wiley, 2022) Kara, Ummugulsum; Sert, Durmus
    The aim of this work was to study the effect of milk transport conditions and microfiltration (MF) treatment on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of milk and skim milk powder (SMP). The raw milk was determined as milk after milking (30-35 degrees C), uncooled inner-city milk (3 h at 20-25 degrees C), cooled transport milk (12 h at 4-6 degrees C) and the control milk (cooling to 4 degrees C as soon as milking; non-MF). SMP samples were produced from MF-treated milk with membrane pore sizes of 0.5-mu m and 0.8-mu m. MF application provided up to 2.39, 1.27, 1.64 and 1.67 log reductions in counts of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeast-moulds, Bacillus and Pseudomonas species in milk, respectively. MF treatment of milk improved the microbiological quality without any significant change in the chemical composition of SMPs.