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    Mediating Effect of Viral Anxiety and Perceived Benefits of Physical Distancing on Adherence to Distancing Among High School Students Amid COVID-19
    (Korean Acad Medical Sciences, 2022) Lee, Taeyeop; Lee, Joohee; Kim, Harin; Park, C. Hyung Keun; Park, Jangho; Kim, Hyo-Won; Akca, Omer Faruk
    Background: The aim of this study is to explore whether high school students' adherence to physical distancing was associated with health beliefs, social norms, and psychological factors during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: Overall, 300 high school students participated in this anonymous online survey conducted from October 18-24, 2021. The survey included rating scales such as attitude toward physical distancing during the pandemic, Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 items (SAVE-6), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Connor Davidson Resilience Scale 2-items. Results: The results revealed that perceived susceptibility or severity (beta = -0.13, P= 0.038), perceived benefit (beta = 0.32, P< 0.001), descriptive social norms (beta = 0.10, P= 0.041), social injunctive norms (beta = 0.19, P< 0.001), and SAVE-6 (beta = 0.24, P< 0.001) predicted students' adherence to physical distancing (adjusted R-2 = 0.42, F =19.2, P< 0.001). Social injunctive norms and personal injunctive norms directly influenced adherence to physical distancing. Viral anxiety, measured by SAVE-6, mediated the association between social injunctive norms and adherence to physical distancing, and perceived benefits mediated the relationship between personal injunctive norms and adherence to physical distancing. The influence of perceived susceptibility or severity on adherence to physical distancing was entirely mediated by perceived benefits or viral anxiety. Conclusion: Explaining the rationale or benefits of physical distancing may be important in increasing adherence to physical distancing among high school students.
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    Psychometric Properties of the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 Items (SAVE-6) Scale for High School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) Lee, Taeyeop; Ahmed, Oli; Akca, Omer Faruk; Chung, Seockhoon
    ObjectivesOwing to the COVID-19 pandemic, high school students have experienced a sudden change of school environment, which may result in difficulties related to mental health. The aim of this study is to estimate the reliability and validity of the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 Items (SAVE-6) scale among high school students. MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 300 high school students. The following scales were administered: the SAVE-6, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Items (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Items (PHQ-9). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted, and the psychometric properties of the SAVE-6 were assessed. ResultsThe results of the CFA indicated good model fit for the SAVE-6 scale among high school students (chi 2/df = 0.485, CFI = 1.000, TLI = 1.010, RMSEA < 0.001, and SRMR = 0.029). In addition, the SAVE-6 scale demonstrated good reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.844, McDonald's Omega = 0.848, and split-half reliability = 0.883). The appropriate cut-off score for the SAVE-6 scale was estimated as >= 15, which corresponds to a mild level of anxiety as assessed by the GAD-7 (>= 5). ConclusionThe SAVE-6 scale was found to be reliable and valid, and can be used as a tool to assess the stress and anxiety of high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic.