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Öğe Innovative geopolymer-based cold asphalt emulsion mixture as eco-friendly material(Nature Portfolio, 2023) Dulaimi, Anmar; Al Busaltan, Shakir; Mydin, Md Azree Othuman; Lu, Dong; Ozkilic, Yasin Onuralp; Jaya, Ramadhansyah Putra; Ameen, ArmanIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in cold asphalt emulsion mixture (CAEM) due to its numerous advantages, including reduced CO2 emissions, energy savings, and improved safety during construction and application. However, CAEM has often been considered inferior to hot mix asphalt (HMA) in terms of performance. To address this issue and achieve desirable performance characteristics, researchers have been exploring the modification of CAEM using high-cost additives like ordinary Portland cement. In this study, the focus was on investigating the effects of utilizing waste alkaline Ca(OH)(2) solution, ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), and calcium carbide residue (CCR) as modifiers to enhance the properties of CAEM. The aim was to develop an innovative geopolymer geopolymer-based cold asphalt emulsion mixture (GCAE). The results of the study revealed that the use of waste alkaline Ca(OH)(2) solution led to an increase in early hydration, which was confirmed through scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the experimental findings demonstrated that waste alkaline Ca(OH)(2) solution significantly contributed to the rapid development of early-age strength in GCAE. As a result, GCAE showed great potential for utilization in pavement applications, particularly for roads subjected to harsh service conditions involving moisture and temperature. By exploring these alternative modifiers, the study highlights a promising avenue for enhancing the performance of CAEM and potentially reducing the reliance on expensive additives like ordinary Portland cement. The development of GCAE has the potential to offer improved performance and durability in pavement applications, thus contributing to sustainable and efficient road infrastructure.Öğe Optimum usage of waste marble powder to reduce use of cement toward eco-friendly concrete(Elsevier, 2023) Ozkilic, Yasin Onuralp; Zeybek, Ozer; Bahrami, Alireza; Celik, Ali Ihsan; Mydin, Md Azree Othuman; Karalar, Memduh; Hakeem, Ibrahim Y.In this study, waste marble powder (WMP) was used to replace cement of concrete in specific amounts. To accomplish this aim, WMP was replaced at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the cement weight, and a reference concrete sample without WMP (REF) was created to compare the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength. The replacement of WMP at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the cement weight resulted in 5.7%, 21.7%, 38.1%, and 43.6% decreases in the compressive strength compared with REF. Furthermore, the splitting tensile strength results commonly followed the same trend as the compressive strength. However, WMP at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% led to 5.3%, 8.6%, 19.4%, and 26.7% decreases in the flexural strength compared with REF. In addition, three different calculations, ranging from simple to complex, were proposed to compute me-chanical resistances of concrete with WMP. These proposed calculations for practical ap-plications were validated using values from the literature and the implications obtained from the current research. While the simple calculations were based on the strength of REF and the WMP percentages, the complex calculations were dependent on the design of the concrete mixture, age of the samples, and the WMP percentages. For the complex calcu-lations, the ANN approach was used with the help of the coefficient of determination (R2) for the K-fold cross validation method. All the proposed methods provided high accurate estimation to predict the properties of concrete with WMP. Based on the studies, utilizing 10% WMP as the replacement of cement is recommended to obtain the optimum benefits considering both mechanical and environmental aspects. Moreover, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses were then conducted to observe the interaction of WMP in concrete. According to the SEM analyses, some pores were detected and the interfacial transition zone was observed in the reaction zone. On the other hand, based on the EDX analyses, the presence of WMP in concrete was manifested by the presence of high levels of calcium.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Öğe Performance of lightweight foamed concrete partially replacing cement with industrial and agricultural wastes: Microstructure characteristics, thermal conductivity, and hardened properties(Elsevier, 2023) Mydin, Md Azree Othuman; Sor, Nadhim Hamah; Althoey, Fadi; Ozkilic, Yasin Onuralp; Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri; Isleem, Haytham F.; Deifalla, Ahmed FaroukThe production of eco-friendly concrete has been made possible by reusing agricultural and industrial wastes. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the characteristics of lightweight foamed concrete (LWF) produced from a protein-based foaming agent and including granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA), rice husk ash (RHA) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) at various substitution levels (0, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 %, and 60 %) with cement. By executing a slump test, the fresh characteristics of mixes were assessed. In addition, a total of 25 different LWF mixtures were produced and tested for their porosity, bulk density, compressive strength, bending strength, splitting tensile strength, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and thermal conductivity. To elucidate the causes for the experimental findings acquired, microstructural analysis was also performed. The findings indicate that the GGBS, FA, RHA, and POFA ratios of the LWFs increased due to a reduction in slump, porosity, water absorption, bulk density, and thermal conductivity up to 40 % GGBS, 30 % FA, 20 % RHA, and 30 % POFA. However, the compressive strength, bending strength, splitting tensile strength, UPV were raised up to 40 % GGBS, 30 % FA, 20 % RHA and 30 % POFA as substitution for cement. LWF containing 40 % GBS as a cement substitution also demonstrate larger compressive strength, bending strength, splitting tensile strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity in comparison with the control, 30 % FA, 20 % RHA, and 30 % POFA LWF. The findings are promising and reveal a major opportunity for developing eco-friendly LWF by partially substituting cement with GGBS and FA industrial by-product material, RHA and POFA agricultural waste materials as well.Öğe Use of calcium carbonate nanoparticles in production of nano-engineered foamed concrete(Elsevier, 2023) Mydin, Md Azree Othuman; Jagadesh, P.; Bahrami, Alireza; Dulaimi, Anmar; Ozkilic, Yasin Onuralp; Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri; Jaya, Ramadhansyah PutraResearchers have shown significant interest in the incorporation of nanoscale components into concrete, primarily driven by the unique properties exhibited by these nanoelements. A nanoparticle comprises numerous atoms arranged in a cluster ranging from 10 nm to 100 nm in size. The brittleness of foamed concrete (FC) can be effectively mitigated by incorporating nanoparticles, thereby improving its overall properties. The objective of this investigation is to analyze the effects of incorporating calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CCNPs) into FC on its mechanical and durability properties. FC had a 750 kg/m3 density, which was achieved using a binder-filler ratio of 1:1.5 and a water-to-binder ratio of 0.45. The CCNPs material exhibited a purity level of 99.5% and possessed a fixed grain size of 40 nm. A total of seven mixes were prepared, incorporating CCNPs in FC mixes at the specific weight fractions of 0% (control), 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%. The properties that were assessed included the slump, bulk density, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, compressive strength, permeable porosity, water absorption, drying shrinkage, softening coefficient, and microstructural characterization. The results suggested that incorporating CCNPs into FC enhanced its mechanical and durability properties, with the most optimal improvement observed at the CCNPs addition of 4%. In comparison to the control specimen, it was witnessed that specimens containing 4% CCNPs demonstrated remarkably higher capacities in the compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural tests, with the increases of 66%, 52%, and 59%, respectively. The addition of CCNPs resulted in an improvement in the FC porosity and water absorption. However, it also led to a decrease in the workability of the mixtures. Furthermore, the study provided the correlations between the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, as well as the correlations between the compressive strength and flexural strength. In addition, an artificial neural network approach was employed, utilizing k-fold cross validation, to predict the compressive strength. The confirmation of the property enhancement was made through the utilization of a scanning electron microscope. & COPY; 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Öğe Use of waste glass powder toward more sustainable geopolymer concrete(Elsevier, 2023) Celik, Ali Ihsan; Tunc, Ufuk; Bahrami, Alireza; Karalar, Memduh; Mydin, Md Azree Othuman; Alomayri, Thamer; Ozkilic, Yasin OnuralpThe influence of waste glass powder (WGP) with fly ash in certain proportions on geo-polymer concrete (GPC) was investigated by exchanging different proportions of molarity and WGP percentages in GPC. For this objective, fly ash was altered with WGP having percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, and the effect of molarity of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was examined. The compressive strength tests, splitting tensile tests, and flexural strength tests were conducted. The workability and setting time were also evaluated. With the addition of WGP, the workability for molarities (M) of 11, 13, and 16 NaOH reduced by an average of 17%, 10%, and 67%, respectively. The findings showed that the slump values decreased as the molarity and WGP percentages increased. Molarity significantly affected the setting time, but WGP had no effect on the setting time. Although high molarity increased the capacity, this had a noticeable negative effect on the setting time and workability. This study demonstrated that WGP had a slight negative effect on the capacity and workability. Furthermore, when the combined effects of WGP and NaOH molarity were taken into account, the use of 10% WGP with M13 NaOH was recommended to obtain the optimum sustainable GPC considering both fresh and hardening properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was done on the samples, too.& COPY; 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Öğe The Use of Waste Polymers in Asphalt Mixtures: Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Review(Mdpi, 2023) Jwaida, Zahraa; Dulaimi, Anmar; Mydin, Md Azree Othuman; Ozkilic, Yasin Onuralp; Jaya, Ramadhansyah Putra; Ameen, ArmanAsphalt is widely employed in road construction due to its durability and ability to withstand heavy traffic. However, the disposal of waste polymers has emerged as a significant environmental concern. Recently, researchers have used polymer waste to modify asphalt pavements as a new approach. This approach aims to improve pavement performance and address the environmental concerns of polymer waste. Researchers have demonstrated that incorporating polymeric waste into asphalt mixtures can lead to performance improvements in asphalt pavements, particularly in mitigating common distresses including permanent deformation and thermal and fatigue cracking. The current comprehensive review aims to summarize the recent knowledge on the usage of waste polymers in asphalt mixtures, encompassing their impact on performance properties and mixture design. The review also addresses different types of waste polymers, their potential benefits, challenges, and future research directions. By analyzing various studies, this review offers insights into the feasibility, effectiveness, and limitations of incorporating waste polymers into asphalt mixtures. Ultimately, this contributes to the advancement of sustainable and environmentally friendly road construction practices.Öğe Use of waste steel fibers from CNC scraps in shear-deficient reinforced concrete beams(Techno-Press, 2023) Kalkan, Ilker; Ozkilic, Yasin Onuralp; Aksoylu, Ceyhun; Mydin, Md Azree Othuman; Martins, Carlos Humberto; Hakeem, Ibrahim Y.; Isik, ErcanThe present paper summarizes the results of an experimental program on the influence of using waste lathe scraps in the concrete mixture on the shear behavior of RC beams with different amounts of shear reinforcement. Three different volumetric ratios (1, 2 and %3) for the scraps and three different stirrup spacings (160, 200 and 270 mm) were adopted in the tests. The shear span-to-depth ratios of the beams were 2.67 and the stirrup spacing exceeded the maximum spacing limit in the building codes to unfold the contribution of lathe scraps to the shear resistances of shear-deficient beams, subject to shear-dominated failure (shear-tension). The experiments depicted that the lathe scraps have a pronounced contribution to the shear strength and load-deflection behavior of RC beams with widely-spaced stirrups. Namely, with the addition of 1%, 2% and 3% waste lathe scraps, the load-bearing capacity escalated by 9.1%, 21.8% and 32.8%, respectively, compared to the reference beam. On the other hand, the contribution of the lathe scraps to the load capacity decreases with decreasing stirrup spacing, since the closely-spaced stirrups bear the shear stresses and render the contribution of the scraps to shear resistance insignificant. The load capacity, deformation ductility index (DDI) and modulus of toughness (MOT) values of the beams were shown to increase with the volumetric fraction of scraps if the stirrups are spaced at about two times the beam depth. For the specimens with a stirrup spacing of about the beam depth, the scraps were found to have no considerable contribution to the load capacity and the deformation capacity beyond the ultimate load. In other words, for lathe scrap contents of 1-3%, the DDI values increased by 5-23% and the MOT values by 63.5-165% with respect to the reference beam with a stirrup spacing of 270 mm. The influence of the lathe scraps to the DDI and MOT values were rather limited and even sometimes negative for the stirrup spacing values of 160 and 200 mm.Öğe Use of waste steel fibers from CNC scraps in shear-deficient reinforced concrete beams(Techno-Press, 2023) Kalkan, Ilker; Ozkilic, Yasin Onuralp; Aksoylu, Ceyhun; Mydin, Md Azree Othuman; Martins, Carlos Humberto; Hakeem, Ibrahim Y.; Isik, ErcanThe present paper summarizes the results of an experimental program on the influence of using waste lathe scraps in the concrete mixture on the shear behavior of RC beams with different amounts of shear reinforcement. Three different volumetric ratios (1, 2 and %3) for the scraps and three different stirrup spacings (160, 200 and 270 mm) were adopted in the tests. The shear span-to-depth ratios of the beams were 2.67 and the stirrup spacing exceeded the maximum spacing limit in the building codes to unfold the contribution of lathe scraps to the shear resistances of shear-deficient beams, subject to shear-dominated failure (shear-tension). The experiments depicted that the lathe scraps have a pronounced contribution to the shear strength and load-deflection behavior of RC beams with widely-spaced stirrups. Namely, with the addition of 1%, 2% and 3% waste lathe scraps, the load-bearing capacity escalated by 9.1%, 21.8% and 32.8%, respectively, compared to the reference beam. On the other hand, the contribution of the lathe scraps to the load capacity decreases with decreasing stirrup spacing, since the closely-spaced stirrups bear the shear stresses and render the contribution of the scraps to shear resistance insignificant. The load capacity, deformation ductility index (DDI) and modulus of toughness (MOT) values of the beams were shown to increase with the volumetric fraction of scraps if the stirrups are spaced at about two times the beam depth. For the specimens with a stirrup spacing of about the beam depth, the scraps were found to have no considerable contribution to the load capacity and the deformation capacity beyond the ultimate load. In other words, for lathe scrap contents of 1-3%, the DDI values increased by 5-23% and the MOT values by 63.5-165% with respect to the reference beam with a stirrup spacing of 270 mm. The influence of the lathe scraps to the DDI and MOT values were rather limited and even sometimes negative for the stirrup spacing values of 160 and 200 mm.
