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Öğe Bonding Strength of Some Adhesives in Heat-Treated Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) Wood Used for Interior and Exterior Decoration(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2016) Uzun, Oguzhan; Percin, Osman; Altinok, Mustafa; Kureli, IhsanHeat-treated wood has an ever-expanding market for exterior and interior applications. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a heat treatment on the bonding strength of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) wood that was bonded with melamine formaldehyde (MF), polyurethane (PUR), and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc-D4) adhesives. Hornbeam lamellas were heat treated at 150 degrees C, 175 degrees C, 200 degrees C, and 225 degrees C for 3 h and then bonded. The bonding strength of the specimens was determined. In addition, the density, weight loss, and pH value of the heat-treated wood were investigated. The results showed that the bonding strengths of the heat-treated wood specimens decreased with the temperature of the heat treatment. The bonding strength of the PUR adhesive was higher than the MF and the PVAc-D4.Öğe Bonding Strength of Some Adhesives in Heat-Treated Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) Wood Used for Interior and Exterior Decoration(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2016) Uzun, Oguzhan; Percin, Osman; Altinok, Mustafa; Kureli, IhsanHeat-treated wood has an ever-expanding market for exterior and interior applications. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a heat treatment on the bonding strength of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) wood that was bonded with melamine formaldehyde (MF), polyurethane (PUR), and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc-D4) adhesives. Hornbeam lamellas were heat treated at 150 degrees C, 175 degrees C, 200 degrees C, and 225 degrees C for 3 h and then bonded. The bonding strength of the specimens was determined. In addition, the density, weight loss, and pH value of the heat-treated wood were investigated. The results showed that the bonding strengths of the heat-treated wood specimens decreased with the temperature of the heat treatment. The bonding strength of the PUR adhesive was higher than the MF and the PVAc-D4.Öğe Determination of Screw Withdrawal Resistance of Some Heat-Treated Wood Species(Zagreb Univ, Fac Forestry, 2017) Percin, Osman; Yasar, Sekip Sadiye; Altunok, Mustafa; Uzun, OguzhanIn this study, the screw withdrawal resistance of heat-treated hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) and Uludag fir (Abies bornmuellerinana Mattf.) was determined according to the ASTM D 1761 standard. For this purpose, wood materials were heat treated at 150, 170, 190 and 210 degrees C for 3 h. After the heat treatment, the screw withdrawal resistance of the wood was determined in radial, tangential and transverse directions. As a result, the screw withdrawal resistance values decreased with increasing heat treatment temperature and the lowest resistance was obtained in the wood heat-treated at 210 degrees C. In terms of wood species, the highest screw withdrawal resistance was found in hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), while the lowest value was observed in black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold). Additionally, in terms of the cross-sectional direction, the highest screw withdrawal resistance was determined in the tangential direction, while the lowest resistance value was observed in the transverse direction.Öğe Determination of Screw Withdrawal Strength of Heat-Treated and Reinforced Laminated Veneer Lumber(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2016) Percin, OsmanThe withdrawal resistance of screws in heat-treated and reinforced laminated veneer lumber (RLVL) was determined in the radial, tangential, and transverse directions. For this reason, laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and RLVL with carbon fibers were produced from heat-treated oak (Quercus petraea (Liebl.)) veneers using phenol formaldehyde as the adhesive. Wood samples were heat-treated at 140, 170, 200, and 230 degrees C for 2 h. According to the results of the study, screw withdrawal strength values of LVL increased for heat-treated samples at 140 degrees C, but decreased at 170, 200, and 230 degrees C. However, in all groups, the screw withdrawal strength values of the RLVL were higher than those of the LVL. The highest screw withdrawal strength values were identified in the tangential direction, and the lowest were in the transverse directions. Carbon fiber can be used between the heat-treated wood veneers to provide sufficient screw withdrawal strength for use in many different industries.Öğe THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE SOME PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BEECH (FAGUS ORIENTALIS LIPSKY) WOOD(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2016) Percin, Osman; Peker, Huseyin; Atilgan, AbdiThis study describes the effect of heat treatment on the some of the physical and mechanical properties of beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) wood at different temperatures and times. Samples of beech wood were heat-treated at 150, 175, and 200 degrees C for 1, 3 and 5 h. The mechanical properties of the heat-treated and untreated samples were determined by bending tests, modulus of elasticity in bending, compression strength parallel to grain, and Brinell hardness. Physical properties were determined by weight loss, density, and volumetric swelling tests. The results showed that the heat treatment increased the weight loss, density loss and dimensional stabilization. In addition, an increase was observed for compression strength parallel to grain (except for at 200 degrees C for 5 h), while a small increase was determined in the bending strength, modulus of elasticity in bending, hardness values of heat-treated wood samples at 150 degrees C for 1 and 3 h. However, the heat treatment at higher temperature and duration clearly decreased bending strength, modulus of elasticity in bending, and hardness.Öğe Effects of impregnation and heat treatment on density, bending and compression properties of black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) wood(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Dogan, Bilal; Percin, Osman; Sofuoglu, Sait DundarThis study aims to study the improvement in the properties of heat-treated wood material by impregnation. For this purpose, black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) wood specimens were modified in two stages: impregnation with 1%, 3% and 5% of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and sodium carbonate (SC) compounds followed by heat treatment at four different temperatures. Test specimens were pre-treated with solutions of different pH values of either DAP or SC solutions according to the immersion method and they were exposed to heat treatments at 150 degrees C, 170 degrees C, 190 degrees C and 210 degrees C for 3 h. Some physical and mechanical properties were determined in combined treated specimens with air-dried density, compression strength parallel to grain (CS) and bending strength (MOR). The test results indicated that, as regards the effect of the heat treatment, the mechanical strength decreased due to the increase in temperature, while the losses in the CS were fewer than those of the MOR. In addition, generally combined treatments increased the mechanical properties of the specimens, especially at lower and moderate heat treatment temperatures. Moreover, the SC compound showed more favorable results against the reducing effect of the heat treatment on mechanical strengths.Öğe Impact Of Heat Treatment On Weight Loss During Combustion Of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)(Gazi Univ, 2019) Percin, Osman; Altunok, MustafaThis study was performed to determine the effects of heat treatment on weight loss during combustion of the laminated wood materials produced from Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.), scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), sessile oak (Quercus petraea L.), and poplar (Populus nigra L.) veneers bonded with PVAc-D-4, PUR and MF adhesives. For this aim, the weight loss during combustion of the test samples was determined according to ASTM E 160-50. The results of this study indicated that the weight loss percentage was the highest in poplar wood (89.17%), PVAc-D-4 adhesive (89.79%) and control samples (88.69%). In the interaction of the wood materials and type of adhesive, the highest value was measured in poplar+PUR (90.93%), interaction of the wood materials and heat treatment in poplar + control samples (90.87%), in the interaction of the type of adhesive and heat treatment in PVAc-D-4 + 185 degrees C (91.10%). In the interaction of the wood material, type of adhesive and heat treatment temperature, the highest value was determined in laminated control poplar samples with PUR adhesive (93%), while the lowest in laminated scotch pine samples with MF and heat-treated at 185 degrees C (81.83%). The use of laminated and heat-treated wood material in places where in high risk of fire, impregnation of wood material with fire-retardant compounds can be suggested.Öğe Influence of carbon fibre layers on the strength of thermally modified laminated veneer lumber(Assoc Brasil Polimeros, 2023) Percin, Osman; Ülker, OnurThermally modification of wood is an environment-friendly alternative method for improving several properties of wood without the use of chemicals. The compressive strength (CS) parallel to the grain of reinforced laminated veneer lumber (LVL) manufactured from heat treated beech (Fagus orientalis) veneers and carbon fibre was determined. Thermally modification was performed at 140 degrees C, 160 degrees C, 180 degrees C, and 200 degrees C according to thermal treatment process. Carbon fibre were added as a reinforcement layer between wood veneers bonded with phenol-formaldehyde (PF), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) polyurethane adhesives (PU) to improve properties of LVL. Results showed that reinforcing LVL panels with carbon fibre increased both density and CS. The PF adhesive showed better results for reinforced LVL panels with carbon fibre. The anatomical structure and density of the wood material significantly affect its mechanical properties, including compressive strength parallel to the grains. Wood density had a strong significant linear relationship with CS.Öğe Influence of carbon fibre layers on the strength of thermally modified laminated veneer lumber(Assoc Brasil Polimeros, 2023) Percin, Osman; Ülker, OnurThermally modification of wood is an environment-friendly alternative method for improving several properties of wood without the use of chemicals. The compressive strength (CS) parallel to the grain of reinforced laminated veneer lumber (LVL) manufactured from heat treated beech (Fagus orientalis) veneers and carbon fibre was determined. Thermally modification was performed at 140 degrees C, 160 degrees C, 180 degrees C, and 200 degrees C according to thermal treatment process. Carbon fibre were added as a reinforcement layer between wood veneers bonded with phenol-formaldehyde (PF), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) polyurethane adhesives (PU) to improve properties of LVL. Results showed that reinforcing LVL panels with carbon fibre increased both density and CS. The PF adhesive showed better results for reinforced LVL panels with carbon fibre. The anatomical structure and density of the wood material significantly affect its mechanical properties, including compressive strength parallel to the grains. Wood density had a strong significant linear relationship with CS.Öğe Physical and Mechanical Properties of Laminated Wood Made from Heat-Treated Scotch Pine Reinforced with Carbon Fiber(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2023) Percin, Osman; Uzun, OguzhanLaminated veneer lumber (LVL) and reinforced laminated veneer lumber (RLVL) with carbon fiber were produced from heat-treated Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood using phenol formaldehyde (PF), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), and polyurethane (PU) resins. Wood veneers were subjected to heat treatments at 150 degrees C, 170 degrees C, or 190 degrees C for 2 h before lamination. The effects of the reinforcement, heat treatment temperatures, and resins on the properties of the LVL and RLVL were analyzed. Density, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were evaluated. The results showed that MOR and MOE values of solid wood and LVL specimens decreased with increasing treatment temperature. However, reinforcement with carbon fiber increased both MOR and MOE. In addition, the density values of the all RLVL specimens improved, and the EMC altered significantly for all test specimens. Compared to solid samples, the highest MOR values increased by approximately 21% in PF-RLVL samples. Similarly, the highest MOE values increased by 31% in PF-RLVL samples. In conclusion, carbon fiber, one of the most used fabric types in composites, could be utilized in the manufacture of reinforced LVL with heat-treated veneers.Öğe Physical and Mechanical Properties of Laminated Wood Made from Heat-Treated Scotch Pine Reinforced with Carbon Fiber(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2023) Percin, Osman; Uzun, OguzhanLaminated veneer lumber (LVL) and reinforced laminated veneer lumber (RLVL) with carbon fiber were produced from heat-treated Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood using phenol formaldehyde (PF), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), and polyurethane (PU) resins. Wood veneers were subjected to heat treatments at 150 degrees C, 170 degrees C, or 190 degrees C for 2 h before lamination. The effects of the reinforcement, heat treatment temperatures, and resins on the properties of the LVL and RLVL were analyzed. Density, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were evaluated. The results showed that MOR and MOE values of solid wood and LVL specimens decreased with increasing treatment temperature. However, reinforcement with carbon fiber increased both MOR and MOE. In addition, the density values of the all RLVL specimens improved, and the EMC altered significantly for all test specimens. Compared to solid samples, the highest MOR values increased by approximately 21% in PF-RLVL samples. Similarly, the highest MOE values increased by 31% in PF-RLVL samples. In conclusion, carbon fiber, one of the most used fabric types in composites, could be utilized in the manufacture of reinforced LVL with heat-treated veneers.Öğe Properties of Heat-Treated Beech Laminated Veneer Lumber Reinforced with Carbon Fiber Fabric(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2023) Percin, Osman; Uzun, OguzhanCarbon fiber fabric reinforced laminated veneer lumber (RLVL) pieces were prepared by using heat-treated beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) veneers with polyurethane (PU) adhesive as the binder. Carbon fiber fabric was tested in three different locations with solid material and non-reinforced samples (on the bottom adhesive line, upper adhesive line, and upper and bottom adhesive lines-symmetrical). Prior to the manufacture of LVL and RLVL, heat treatment was conducted in a laboratory oven at three temperatures. These temperatures were 150, 170, and 190 degrees C. Tests were performed on LVL and RLVL to determine their air-dried density, modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE). Experimental test results showed that reinforcement with carbon fiber increased the air-dried density, MOR, and MOE. In addition, carbon fiber fabric placed symmetrically close to bottom and upper surfaces gave the highest MOR and MOE values. However, locating the carbon fiber fabric closer to the bottom surface tended to give higher mechanical properties for the reinforced LVL.Öğe Properties of Heat-Treated Beech Laminated Veneer Lumber Reinforced with Carbon Fiber Fabric(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2023) Percin, Osman; Uzun, OguzhanCarbon fiber fabric reinforced laminated veneer lumber (RLVL) pieces were prepared by using heat-treated beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) veneers with polyurethane (PU) adhesive as the binder. Carbon fiber fabric was tested in three different locations with solid material and non-reinforced samples (on the bottom adhesive line, upper adhesive line, and upper and bottom adhesive lines-symmetrical). Prior to the manufacture of LVL and RLVL, heat treatment was conducted in a laboratory oven at three temperatures. These temperatures were 150, 170, and 190 degrees C. Tests were performed on LVL and RLVL to determine their air-dried density, modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE). Experimental test results showed that reinforcement with carbon fiber increased the air-dried density, MOR, and MOE. In addition, carbon fiber fabric placed symmetrically close to bottom and upper surfaces gave the highest MOR and MOE values. However, locating the carbon fiber fabric closer to the bottom surface tended to give higher mechanical properties for the reinforced LVL.Öğe Screw Withdrawal Strength of Heat-Treated and Laminated Veneer Lumber Reinforced with Carbon and Glass Fibers(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2022) Percin, Osman; Uzun, OguzhanThe strength of a structural system often depends on the interconnections between the components of the structure. Screws are one of the most widely used fasteners in construction. In this study, the screw withdrawal strength of heat-treated scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) samples reinforced with glass and carbon fibers via Desmodur-vinyl trie ketonol acetate adhesive was investigated. Before manufacturing the laminated veneer lumber, the wood samples were subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of 150 ??C, 170 ??C, 190 ??C, and 210 ??C for 2 h. Test results showed that the reinforcement fiber type and heat treatment temperatures had a considerable effect on the screw withdrawal strength. Heat treatment reduced the screw withdrawal strength, while the samples reinforced with both fibers had higher screw withdrawal strengths than those without reinforcement. Reinforcement with glass and carbon fibers increased the screw withdrawal strength up to 38% and 49% in the tangential, 13% and 20% in the radial, and 17% and 25% in the axial direction, respectively, compared to solid wood. In addition, the laminated veneer lumber samples reinforced with carbon fiber had a considerable increase in the screw withdrawal strength compared with the solid wood and glass fiber reinforced samples.Öğe Screw Withdrawal Strength of Heat-Treated and Laminated Veneer Lumber Reinforced with Carbon and Glass Fibers(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2022) Percin, Osman; Uzun, OguzhanThe strength of a structural system often depends on the interconnections between the components of the structure. Screws are one of the most widely used fasteners in construction. In this study, the screw withdrawal strength of heat-treated scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) samples reinforced with glass and carbon fibers via Desmodur-vinyl trie ketonol acetate adhesive was investigated. Before manufacturing the laminated veneer lumber, the wood samples were subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of 150 ??C, 170 ??C, 190 ??C, and 210 ??C for 2 h. Test results showed that the reinforcement fiber type and heat treatment temperatures had a considerable effect on the screw withdrawal strength. Heat treatment reduced the screw withdrawal strength, while the samples reinforced with both fibers had higher screw withdrawal strengths than those without reinforcement. Reinforcement with glass and carbon fibers increased the screw withdrawal strength up to 38% and 49% in the tangential, 13% and 20% in the radial, and 17% and 25% in the axial direction, respectively, compared to solid wood. In addition, the laminated veneer lumber samples reinforced with carbon fiber had a considerable increase in the screw withdrawal strength compared with the solid wood and glass fiber reinforced samples.Öğe Some physical and mechanical properties of laminated veneer lumber reinforced with carbon fiber using heat-treated beech veneer(Springer, 2017) Percin, Osman; Altunok, MustafaHeat treatment at relatively high temperatures (from 150 to 260 A degrees C) is an effective way to improve dimensional stability and bio durability. However, heat treatments usually reduce most of the mechanical properties of wood. This study was performed to investigate the effect of carbon fiber fabric on some mechanical and physical properties of LVL manufactured from heat-treated and untreated beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) wood. The laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and reinforced laminated veneer lumber (RLVL) samples were produced from heat-treated and untreated beech veneers in the five ply form (4 mm each) by using D-VTKA adhesive. Prior to the manufacture of LVL and RLVL, veneers were subjected to heat treatment at varying temperatures (160, 190 and 220 A degrees C) for 180 min. Carbon fiber revealed a clear effect on the mechanical (bending strength, modulus of elasticity in bending, compression strength) and physical properties (density, equilibrium moisture content, and volumetric swelling) of heat-treated and control LVL. The results showed that reinforcement with carbon fiber increased the density, the bending strength and modulus of elasticity in bending and the compression strength. Also, the volumetric swelling of reinforced laminated veneer lumber was more favorable than those of laminated veneer lumber.
