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Öğe Analysis of Physio-Biochemical Responses and Expressional Profiling Antioxidant-Related Genes in Some Neglected Aegilops Species under Salinity Stress(Mdpi, 2023) Jamshidi, Bita; Pour-Aboughadareh, Alireza; Bocianowski, Jan; Shooshtari, Lia; Bujak, Henryk; Turkoglu, Aras; Nowosad, KamilaWild common wheat species represent a significant pool of resistance genes to various environmental stresses. In this study, we examined several physiological traits and the activity of three antioxidant enzymes-namely, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)-as well as the expression patterns of their encoding genes in three neglected Aegilops species with alien genomes (including Ae. triuncialis (UUCC-genome), Ae. neglecta (UUMM-genome) and Ae. umbellulata (UU-genome)) under two control (0 mM NaCl) and salinity (250 mM NaCl) conditions. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed highly significant effects of salinity stress, accessions, and their interaction on most physio-biochemical traits, root and shoot dry biomasses, and antioxidant-related gene expression level. As a result of comparison between Aegilops species and a bread wheat cultivar (cv. Narin as a salt-tolerant reference variety), Ae. triuncialis responded well to salinity stress, maintaining both ionic homeostasis capability and biochemical ability. Moreover, transcriptional data revealed the prominence of Ae. triuncialis over other Aegilops species and salt-tolerant bread wheat [cv. Narin] in terms of the level of expression of antioxidant genes (APX, SOD, and CAT). This result was further supported by a biplot rendered based on principal component analysis (PCA), where this wild relative showed a positive association with most measured traits under salinity stress. Moreover, we speculate that this accession can be subjected to physiological and molecular studies, and that it can provide new insights into the use of the alien genomes in future wheat breeding programs.Öğe Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: An Influential Element in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) Tissue Culture(Mdpi, 2023) Kocak, Rabia; Okcu, Melih; Haliloglu, Kamil; Tuerkoglu, Aras; Pour-Aboughadareh, Alireza; Jamshidi, Bita; Janda, TiborNanotechnology is a rapidly growing field of science and technology that deals with the development of new solutions by understanding and controlling matter at the nanoscale. Since the last decade, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) have gained tremendous attention because of their unique characteristics and diverse applications in materials sciences and because they are non-toxic and relatively cheaply available materials. MgO-NPs can improve plant growth and contribute to plant tolerance of heavy metal toxicity. The effects of MgO-NPs on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) plants were surveyed under in vitro conditions to find the optimum combination for cowpea tissue culture. The MgO-NPs used in the study were synthesized using walnut shell extract by the green synthesis method. MgO nanoparticles with 35-40 nm size was used in this research. When the size distribution of the MgO-NPs' structure was examined, two peaks with 37.8 nm and 78.8 nm dimensions were obtained. The zeta potential of MgO-NPs dispersed in water was measured around -13.3 mV on average. The results showed that different doses of MgO-NPs applied to cowpea plant on all in vitro parameters significantly affected all measured parameters of cowpea plantlets under in vitro condition in a positive way. The best results in morphogenesis were MS medium supplemented with high MgO-NP applications (555 mg/L), resulting in a 25% increase in callus formation. The addition of Mg-NPs in the induction medium at concentrations at 370 mg/L increased shoot multiplication. The highest root length with 1.575 cm was obtained in MS medium containing 370 mg/L MgO. This study found that MgO-NPs greatly influenced the plantlets' growth parameters and other measured traits; in addition, our results indicate that the efficiency of tissue culture of cowpea could be improved by increased application of MgO in the form of nanoparticles. In conclusion, the present work highlights the possibility of using MgO-NPs in cowpea tissue culture.Öğe Mammalian Sex Hormones as Steroid-Structured Compounds in Wheat Seedling: Template of the Cytosine Methylation Alteration and Retrotransposon Polymorphisms with iPBS and CRED-iBPS Techniques(Mdpi, 2023) Demirel, Fatih; Turkoglu, Aras; Haliloglu, Kamil; Eren, Baris; Ozkan, Guller; Uysal, Pinar; Pour-Aboughadareh, AlirezaPhytohormones are chemical compounds found naturally in plants that have a significant effect on their growth and development. The increase in research on the occurrence of mammalian sex hormones (MSHs) in plants has prompted the need to investigate the functions performed by these hormones in plant biology. In the present study, we investigated the effects of MSHs on DNA damage and DNA methylation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the seedling growth stage, using the CRED-iPBS (coupled restriction enzyme digestion/inter primer binding site) assay and iPBS analysis to determine DNA methylation status. Exogenous treatment with four MSHs (17-& beta;-estradiol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone) was carried out at four different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.5, and 5 & mu;M). The highest genomic template stability (GTS) value (80%) was observed for 5 & mu;M 17-& beta;-estradiol, 0.5 & mu;M testosterone, and 0.05 & mu;M estrogen, while the lowest value (70.7%) was observed for 5 & mu;M progesterone and 0.5 & mu;M estrogen. The results of the CRED-iPBS analysis conducted on MspI indicate that the 0.05 & mu;M estrogen-treated group had the highest polymorphism value of 40%, while the 5 & mu;M progesterone-treated group had the lowest value of 20%. For HpaII, treatment with 0.5 & mu;M 17-& beta;-estradiol had the highest polymorphism value of 33.3%, while the group treated with 0.05 & mu;M 17-& beta;-estradiol and 0.05 & mu;M progesterone had the lowest value of 19.4%. In conclusion, MSH treatments altered the stability of the genomic template of wheat plants and affected the cytosine methylation status at the seedling growth stage. Upon comprehensive examination of the results, it was seen that the employed methodology successfully detected alterations in cytosine methylation of genomic DNA (gDNA), as well as changes in the pattern of genomic instability.