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    Reduced Monocyte Subsets, Their HLA-DR Expressions, and Relations to Acute Phase Reactants in Severe COVID-19 Cases
    (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2022) Cizmecioglu, Ahmet; Emsen, Ayca; Sumer, Sua; Ergun, Dilek; Akay Cizmecioglu, Hilal; Turk Dagi, Hatice; Artac, Hasibe
    Monocytes are one of the principal immune defense cells that encounter infectious agents. However, an essential role of monocytes has been shown in the spread of viruses throughout the human body. Considering this dilemma, this study aimed to evaluate monocyte subsets and Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR isotype (HLA-DR) expressions in clinical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. This prospective, multicenter, case-control study was conducted with COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. The patient group was divided into two subgroups according to disease severity (severe and non-severe). Three monocyte subsets (classical, CL; intermediate, INT; non-classical, NC) were analyzed with flow cytometry upon the patients' hospital admission. A total of 42 patients with COVID-19 and 30 controls participated in this study. The patients' conditions were either severe (n = 23) or non-severe (n = 19). All patients' monocyte and HLA-DR expressions were decreased compared with the controls (p < 0.05). Per disease severity, all monocyte subsets were not significant with disease severity; however, the HLA-DR expressions of CL monocytes (p = 0.002) and INT monocytes (p = 0.025) were more decreased in the severe patient group. In patients with various clinical features, NC monocytes were more affected. Based on these results, NC monocytes were more decreased in acute COVID-19 cases, though related various clinics decreased all monocyte subsets in these patients. Decreased monocyte HLA expressions may be a sign of immune suppression in severe patients, even when the percentage of monocyte levels has not decreased yet.