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    The Effect of Decalcified Root Surfaces on Dentinal Bond Strength
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Ozer, Fusun; Sher, Michael; Daneshmehr, Leila; Karabekiroglu, Said; Sinmazisik, Gulden; Unlu, Nimet; Blatz, Markus B.
    Microtensile bond strengths of current dentin adhesives to intact and decalcified root surfaces were evaluated. Two hundred and twenty-four extracted human incisors were divided into two groups as intact (IRD) and decalcified (DRD). The roots of DRD teeth were placed in a demineralization solution to produce artificial carious-like lesions. Root surfaces were slightly ground and treated with either Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SMP), Adper Single Bond Plus (SBP), Adper Easy Bond (AEB), Scotchbond SE (SSE), Clearfil SE Bond (CSE), Clearfil Protect Bond (CPB), Clearfil Tri-S Bond (CTS), FL-Bond II (FLB), XP Bond (XPB), iBond (IB), AdheSE Bond (ASE), Optibond Solo Plus (OSP), Prelude Dental Adhesive (PDA), and G-Bond (GB). Composite buildups were formed on the bonded surfaces. After thermocycling, hour-glass shaped specimens with an area of 1mm(2) at the bonded interface were subjected to microtensile testing. Resin-dentin interfaces were observed with SEM. Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney-U tests were used for statistical analysis. There was not significant difference between bond strengths to intact and decalcified dentin, with the exception of ASE and CSE, which had higher values to IRD (p < 0.05). SSE and CTS were the adhesives that showed higher bond strengths to DRD than to IRD, however the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). The self-etch adhesives performed better on both IRD and DRD surfaces than etch-and-rinse systems.
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    The Effect of Prophylactic Polishing Pastes on Surface Roughness of Indirect Restorative Materials
    (Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014) Say, Esra Can; Yurdaguven, Haktan; Malkondu, Ozlem; Unlu, Nimet; Soyman, Mubin; Kazazoglu, Ender
    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of prophylactic polishing pastes (PPP; Detartrine (DT), Topex (TP)) on surface roughness (R-a) of indirect composites (IRC; Tescera (TES), Gradia (GRD), and Estenia C&B (EST)), a glass ceramic (Empress 2 layering (E2)), and a leucite reinforced glass ceramic (Empress Esthetic (EE)) with two different (glazed (G); polished (P)) surface preparations. A total of 90 IRC and 120 ceramic discs, 8 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick, were prepared. E2 and EE specimens were randomly divided into two groups (n = 30). One group was glazed (GE2; GEE), while the other group was polished (PE2; PEE) the same as the IRCs. The specimens in each group were subsequently divided into three subgroups: control (C), DT, and TP R-a (mu m) was evaluated with a profilometer. Data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis, followed by the Dunn's multiple comparison tests (P < 0.05). DT and TP resulted in significant surface roughening for TES, GRD, and EST, while no significant differences were detected between DT and TP (P > 0.05). PE2 and PEE were not affected by DT or TP (P > 0.05), while GE2 and GEE exhibited significant roughening after TP (P < 0.05). Surface roughness of IRCs and glazed ceramics can be affected by PPP applications.
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    Effectiveness of different preventive agents on initial occlusal and proximal caries lesions: A follow-up study
    (Elsevier Taiwan, 2018) Karabekiroglu, Said; Kahraman, Fatma Betul; Unlu, Nimet
    Background/purpose: Monitoring the effects of different caries-preventive agents on initial caries lesions in orthodontic patients is important. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of different preventive methods in preventing occlusal and proximal incipient lesions (ILs) during fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods: Forty-eight subjects at the beginning of fixed orthodontic treatment were included. All subjects were well educated and motivated to use the fluoride toothpaste (Colgate Total, 1450 ppm F) three times a day during the study period. Four different groups were created with a split-mouth design: placebo, fluoride gel, fluoride varnish, and chlorhexidine varnish. The occlusal surfaces of the second molar teeth were assessed with DIAGNOdent pen (DD) during the first 12 months (6th and 12th), and the proximal surfaces of each quadrant were monitored using bitewing radiographs until the 24th month (baseline and 24th month). Results: The mean DD values increased in each group during the first 6 months compared to the baseline, but a significant increment was only obtained in the control and fluoride gel groups (p < 0.05). Fluoride and chlorhexidine varnish had significantly more preventive effects than the control and the fluoride gel for occlusal surfaces at the 6th and 12th month and for intact proximal surfaces at the 24th month, but no significant differences were found between the two varnish groups (p > 0.05). No significant differences were found between the four methods in terms of caries progression for proximal ILs after 24 months. Conclusion: Effective toothbrushing with 1450 ppm fluoridated toothpaste and topical fluoride gel application seems to be inadequate for prevention of new proximal ILs during fixed orthodontic treatment. Fluoride and chlorhexidine varnish showed more protection in relation to occlusal surfaces. (C) 2018 Association for Dental Sciences of the Republic of China. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.
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    Effectiveness of Different Preventive Programs in Cariogram Parameters of Young Adults at High Caries Risk
    (Hindawi Ltd, 2017) Karabekiroglu, Said; Unlu, Nimet
    Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of different preventive programs in young adults at high caries risk using Cariogram software. Methods. Sixty-six young adults with high caries risk were evaluated. Dental caries risk for all subjects was determined according to WHO criteria. Subjects were divided into three different preventive groups (control: OH, fluoride varnish: FV, and chlorhexidine varnish: CV). They were followed for 12 weeks (baseline: T0, 1 week: T1, 4 weeks: T2, and 12 weeks: T3). Plaque index, diet frequency, and salivary chairside tests (to record the flow rate, buffer capacity, and mutans streptococci and lactobacillus counts) were performed at each visit. Based on these data, ten caries-related variables were collected and inserted into the Cariogram software to calculate the predicted chance of avoiding caries for each subject. Results. Significant changes were obtained about the Cariogram parameters (diet, bacteria, susceptibility, circumstances, and Cariogram risk group). No significant differences were found between the three methods regarding mean Cariogram scores after 3 months (p > 0.05). Conclusions. The regular and effective short-term (three months) use of 1450 ppm fluoridated toothpaste, one visit application of fluoride, and chlorhexidine varnishes were effective for reducing caries risk in young adults, which can be clearly demonstrated using Cariogram software.
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    Effects of different desensitizers and lasers on dentine tubules: An in-vitro analysis
    (Wiley, 2017) Oncu, Elif; Karabekiroglu, Said; Unlu, Nimet
    BackgroundDentin hypersensitivity is an important clinical problem affecting a large percentage of the population, and various therapies have been suggested for its treatmentamong them desensitizing agents and lasers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of different in-office desensitizing agents and different type lasers, alone or in combination, on human dentinal tubules. Materials and MethodsEighty-four dentinal specimens obtained from freshly extracted impacted third molars were included and subsequently divided into seven groups: Group 1 (Control), Group 2 (Gluma desensitizer), Group 3 (Teethmate desensitizer), Group 4 (Nd:YAG laser), Group 5 (Er:YAG laser), Group 6 (Gluma desensitizer+Er:YAG laser), and Group 7 (Teethmate desensitizer+Er:YAG laser). The dentinal specimens of all groups were evaluated using SEM. A total of 12 images per sample were taken, and the numbers of open, partially occluded, and totally visible (open+partially occluded) dentinal tubules were counted. AFM was used to further substantiate the blocking mechanism. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett-C tests. ResultsComparison of the number of occluded dentinal tubules per 100 mu m(2) revealed that the laser and laser combined-treated groups showed the most occluded dentinal tubules. Gluma desensitizer+Er:YAG laser combination demonstrated significantly more tubule occlusion than all the other groups (p<.05). ConclusionsThe results of this study show that combined treatment methods were effective in the occlusion of dentinal tubules.
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    Shear bond strength to enamel and failure type of different periodontal splints: an in vivo and in vitro study
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Karabekiroglu, Said; Oncu, Elif; Yildiz, Merve; Unlu, Nimet
    The goal of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) and failure mode of four different splint materials [Polyethylene FRC Ribbond Thm (RB), Polyethylene FRC Construct (Kerr), Multifilament Fishing Line (MFL), and Non Fiber Reinforced Composite (control)]. Thirty- seven subjects were randomly divided into four splint methods. After splinting procedures, the subjects were recalled 12 months later. One hundred and sixty human mandibular incisors (for extracoronal and intracoronal splinting) and 40 sheep mandibles (only extracoronal splinting) were used for the in vitro part. The specimens were subjected to SBS at their incisoproximal contact, and debonding forces were measured with a universal testing machine (1 mm/min crosshead speed). Failure sites were examined under a stereomicroscope (x40 magnification). The SBS data were assessed via analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's tests. The survival rate was significantly affected by the splint type (RB: 95.3%, Kerr: 91.6%, MFL: 93.5%, Control: 52.5%). No statistically significant differences were found between RB, Kerr, and MFL (p > 0.05) at all in vitro parts. Intracoronal splinting showed lower SBS values than extracoronal (p < 0.05). Lower SBS values were obtained in sheep teeth than human teeth (p < 0.05). Significantly different fracture patterns were noted between groups (p < 0.05). Only resin composite application seems to be inadequate for periodontal splinting. MFL splints are also economic and quite resistant, and they might be used as an alternative to fiber- reinforced composites.
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    Treatment of post-orthodontic white spot lesions with CPP-ACP paste: A three year follow up study
    (Japanese Soc Dental Materials Devices, 2017) Karabekiroolu, Said; Unlu, Nimet; Kucukyilmaz, Ebru; Sener, Sevgi; Botsali, Murat Selim; Malkoc, Siddik
    To determine the efficacy of topical applications of 10% casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste in reverting white spot lesions (WSLs) after fixed orthodontic treatment. Forty one participants were randomly assigned to either the test group (CPP-ACP) or the control group (only fluoride toothpaste). All patients used regular fluoride-containing toothpaste. CPP-ACP paste or fluoridated toothpaste was applied on to tooth surfaces with WSLs twice a day during 36-month after de-bonding. The labial/buccal surfaces of teeth were assessed by use of DIAGNOdent pen (DD), Gorelick Index and ICDAS II criteria at baseline (T1) and 36-month (T2) follow-up visits. The total counts of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus were obtained at T1 and T2. DMFT, DMFS, stimulated flow rate and buffer capacity were calculated in two appointments. Daily usage of CPP-ACP paste was not better than normal care for improving the appearance of WSLs after 36 months.