Çanakkale muharebelerinde Osmanlı ve Alman komutanlarının askerî planları ve alınan sonuçlar
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2016
Yazarlar
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Yayıncı
Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Stratejik önemdeki Boğazlar'ı ele geçirerek, İstanbul'un kapısını açmak, böylece Osmanlıyı çökertmek, Rusya'ya silah ve mühimmat yardımı yapmak maksadıyla, İtilaf Devletleri Gelibolu Harekâtı'nı başlattılar. İngiltere ve Fransa, Batı Cephesi başta olmak üzere tüm cephelerde ihtiyaç duydukları asker ve gemi ihtiyaçlarına rağmen, büyük bir donanmayı ve yaklaşık 500.000 askeri Gelibolu Yarımadası'nda tutmak zorunda kaldı. İtilaf kuvvetlerinin Boğaz'ı sadece donanmayla geçme planı, 18 Mart 1915'te sonuçsuz kaldı ve donanma büyük bozguna uğradı. Yalnız donanmayla Boğaz'ın geçilemeyeceğini anlayan İtilaf kuvvetleri, 25 Nisan 1915'te Kara Harekâtı başlattılar. Fakat hedeflerine ulaşamadan büyük bir yenilgi ile 9 Ocak 1915'te geri çekildiler. Türk savunması, başlangıçta kıyı hattını kuvvetli tutmak esasından hareketle, Türk komutanları tarafından hazırlanmıştı. Çanakkale Cephesi'nden sorumlu Ordu Komutanı Alman General Liman von Sanders, Türk komutanların hazırlamış olduğu savunma planını değiştirmiş ve savunmayı kıyıları zayıf kuvvetlerle tutma esasına dayandırarak, İtilaf kuvvetlerinin karaya çıkmasına fırsat sağlamıştır. Alman komutanların esas amacı, Almanya'yı Batı cephesinde rahatlatmak için, İtilaf kuvvetlerini mümkün olduğu kadar Çanakkale Cephesi'nde tutmaktı. Bu gerçeği anlayan Türk komutanların karşı çıkmalarına rağmen, Alman komutanların muharebelerdeki Harp Prensipleri ile çelişen uygulamaları, hem savaş süresinin uzamasına hem de aşırı zayiat verilmesine neden olmuştur. Çanakkale Muharebeleri, denizde ve karada 287 gün, karada 260 gün devam etmiş, Türk askerinin kanıyla kazandığı, harp tarihinde eşine az rastlanır bir kahramanlık destanı örneği teşkil emiştir. İtilâf Devletleri, büyük umutlarla başladıkları Gelibolu Harekâtı sonunda, Seddülbahir bölgesinde sadece beş kilometre, Arıburnu bölgesinde ise 1.5 kilometre ilerleyebilmişlerdir. Türk komutanların hazırladıkları savunma planı uygulansaydı ve muharebeler Türk komutanları tarafından sevk ve idare edilseydi, Çanakkale Zaferi, çok daha kısa sürede sonuçlanabilir ve her iki tarafın kaybı da çok az olurdu.
The Allied Powers initiated Gallipoli Campaign in order to open pathways and gates to Istanbul by capturing the straits of strategic significance and therefore, to cause Ottoman Empire to collapse, and supply Russia with arms and ammunition. Despite their need for soldiers and ships on all fronts, especially on the Western Front, they were obliged to keep a large naval fleet and nearly 500.000 soldiers on the Gallipoli Peninsula. The Allied Powers' plan to pass through the Dardanelles only by using navy proved to be a futile attempt and the navy was heavily defeated. It was understood by the Allied Powers that it was not possible to pass through the Dardanelles only by using the navy and then, they initiated a Land Invasion on April 25, 1915. However, they were heavily defeated on January 09, 1915 without achieving their goal and then retreated. Turkish defense strategy was initially designed by the Turkish commanders based on the idea of being forceful along the shoreline. German General Liman von Sanders, the Commander of the Turkish forces at the battles of Gallipoli, then revised defense plan that was prepared by the Turkish commanders, and his strategy was based on defending coasts with weak forces, which naturally allowed the Allied forces to proceed to landing. The underlying aim of the German commanders was to hold up Allied forces as much as possible on the Gallipoli front in order to relieve Germany on the Western front. Despite objections by such Turkish commanders that realized this truth, practices of the German commanders in battles in contradiction with Principles of War both prolonged battles and caused suffering excessive numbers of casualties. The Battles of Gallipoli lasted for 260 days on land and 287 days in total along with battles at sea. It became an unprecedented heroic saga in military history that ended in victory for Turkish soldiers having shed their blood. At the end of Gallipoli Campaign that was initiated by the Allied Powers with great hopes, they were able to advance only for five kilometers at Cape Helles and 1.5 kilometers at Anzac Cove. If defense plans of the Turkish commanders had been implemented and the battles had been conducted by the Turkish commanders only, the victory at Gallipoli could have been achieved in a shorter period of time and both parties could have had fewer casualties
The Allied Powers initiated Gallipoli Campaign in order to open pathways and gates to Istanbul by capturing the straits of strategic significance and therefore, to cause Ottoman Empire to collapse, and supply Russia with arms and ammunition. Despite their need for soldiers and ships on all fronts, especially on the Western Front, they were obliged to keep a large naval fleet and nearly 500.000 soldiers on the Gallipoli Peninsula. The Allied Powers' plan to pass through the Dardanelles only by using navy proved to be a futile attempt and the navy was heavily defeated. It was understood by the Allied Powers that it was not possible to pass through the Dardanelles only by using the navy and then, they initiated a Land Invasion on April 25, 1915. However, they were heavily defeated on January 09, 1915 without achieving their goal and then retreated. Turkish defense strategy was initially designed by the Turkish commanders based on the idea of being forceful along the shoreline. German General Liman von Sanders, the Commander of the Turkish forces at the battles of Gallipoli, then revised defense plan that was prepared by the Turkish commanders, and his strategy was based on defending coasts with weak forces, which naturally allowed the Allied forces to proceed to landing. The underlying aim of the German commanders was to hold up Allied forces as much as possible on the Gallipoli front in order to relieve Germany on the Western front. Despite objections by such Turkish commanders that realized this truth, practices of the German commanders in battles in contradiction with Principles of War both prolonged battles and caused suffering excessive numbers of casualties. The Battles of Gallipoli lasted for 260 days on land and 287 days in total along with battles at sea. It became an unprecedented heroic saga in military history that ended in victory for Turkish soldiers having shed their blood. At the end of Gallipoli Campaign that was initiated by the Allied Powers with great hopes, they were able to advance only for five kilometers at Cape Helles and 1.5 kilometers at Anzac Cove. If defense plans of the Turkish commanders had been implemented and the battles had been conducted by the Turkish commanders only, the victory at Gallipoli could have been achieved in a shorter period of time and both parties could have had fewer casualties
Açıklama
Doktora Tezi YÖK Tez No:438990
Anahtar Kelimeler
Çanakkale'de Türk Savunma Planı, Liman von Sanders'in Savunma Planı, Halil Sami, Esat Paşa, Mustafa Kemal, Ahmet Feyzi, Faik Paşa, Hamilton, Seddülbahir Muharebesi, Arıburnu Muharebesi, Anafartalar Muharebesi., Turkish Defense Plan at Gallipoli, Liman von Sanders' Defense Plan, Halil Sami, Esad Pasha, Mustafa Kemal, Ahmet Feyzi, Faik Pasha, Hamilton, Battles at Cape Helles, Battles at Anzac Cove, Battles at Suvla Bay.
