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Öğe Birth Weight and Preterm Birth in Babies of Pregnant Women With Major Depression in Relation to Treatment With Antidepressants(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014) Sahingoz, Mine; Yuksel, Goksen; Karsidag, Cagatay; Uguz, Faruk; Sonmez, Erdem Onder; Annagur, Bilge Burcak; Annagur, AliObjective It is unclear whether antidepressant treatment has a preventive effect on negative neonatal outcomes due to major depression in pregnant women. The objective of the present study was to compare women with major depression treated with antidepressants, untreated women with major depression, and healthy women during pregnancy with respect to birth weight and preterm birth. Methods The study sample included a total of 23 women taking antidepressant medication, 36 women who were not taking antidepressant medication for major depression during pregnancy, and 30 healthy women. Major depression was diagnosed via the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Results The study groups were similar with respect to sociodemographic characteristics. Compared with infants of healthy control subjects, infants of untreated major depressed women had significantly lower birth weight and shorter gestational age at delivery. There is no significant difference between infants of major depressed women treated with antidepressants and infants of healthy subjects for these variables. Conclusions Our results suggest that antidepressants may have beneficial effects on the risk of low birth weight and preterm birth in the infants of depressed women.Öğe Comparison of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in the diagnosis of late onset sepsis in preterm newborns(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2013) Ertugrul, Sabahattin; Annagur, Ali; Kurban, Sevil; Altunhan, Huseyin; Ors, Rahmi[Abstract Not Availabe]Öğe Congenital hydrocephalus as a rare cause of severe type 1 plasminogene deficiency(Aves, 2013) Annagur, Ali; Altunhan, Huseyin; Ozbek, Orhan; Ozturk, Banu Turgut; Ors, RahmiSevere type I plasminogen deficiency is a rarely seen autosomal recessive disease that causes chronic inflammation in mucous membranes, primarily eye membranes. The most commonly encountered clinical manifestation is ligneous conjunctivitis. In these patients, congenital occlusive hydrocephaly may rarely be observed. In this report, we presented a newborn who had hydrocephaly in the prenatal period and presence of severe plasminogen deficiency was detected after birth. We found that the same disease was present in two children of the family and in the aunt of the newborn and discussed this situation. It should be kept in mind that plasminogen deficiency may also be present in cases with occlusive hydrocephaly and especially in newborns with the diagnosis of ligneous conjunctivitis and with familial history of ligneous conjunctivitis.Öğe Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome: Case Report and Review of Literature(Cukurova Univ, Fac Medicine, 2012) Konak, Murat; Annagur, Ali; Altunhan, H.; Atas, Bulent; Ors, RahmiCongenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) is a rare kidney disease which reveals itself after birth and characterized with severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and edema. It is a genetic disorder that occurs with deterioration of glomerular filtration barrier especially as a result of mutation that develops in genes called nephrin and podocin. CNS could be as a result of perinatal infection as well as a part of a genetic syndrome. Immune suppressive treatment is ineffective in genetically originated CNS, however renal transplantation yields curative treatment. In many cases to prevent from life threatening edema, daily albumin infusion is needed. Additionally, high caloric diet, thyroxin and mineral supply are applied. Also prophylaxis of thrombolytic complications and opportunistic infection that could develop due to immune deficiency is needed. In this report we discussed a case with the review of literature by reporting a newborn which had CNS diagnosis as a result of persistent hypoalbuminemia and proteinuria without edema.Öğe The effects of maternal major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder on birth weight and gestational age: A comparative study(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2013) Uguz, Faruk; Sahingoz, Mine; Sonmez, Erdem Onder; Karsidag, Cagatay; Yuksel, Goksen; Annagur, Bilge Burcak; Annagur, AliObjective: The present study comparatively examined the impact of maternal major depression, generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder on gestational age and birth weight. Methods: A total of 90 women (24 subjects with major depression, 19 subjects with panic disorder, 22 subjects with generalized anxiety disorder, and 25 healthy subjects) in the perinatal period who were admitted to three hospitals were included in the study. Psychiatric diagnoses were determined by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. The birth weight and gestational age of the subjects in each groups were compared with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: There were significant differences among the study groups for birth weight and gestational age (P < 0.001 for both variables). These parameters were significantly lower in the subjects with major depression (P = 0.021 and P = 0.015, respectively) and panic disorder (P < 0.001 for both variables) compared to healthy controls. Compared with major depression, panic disorder was associated more negatively with birth weight (P = 0.036). Conclusion: Major depression, and especially panic disorder, may negatively affect the gestational length and birth weight. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe EFFECTS OF PHOTOTHERAPY ON SERUM PARAOXONASE ACTIVITY AND TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY IN NEWBORN JAUNDICE(Nobel Ilac, 2014) Kurban, Sevil; Annagur, Ali; Altunhan, Huseyin; Mehmetoglu, Idris; Ors, Rahmi; Erdem, Said Sami; Yerlikaya, Fatma HumeyraObjective: Phototherapy is an efficient and commonly used form of therapy for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an anti oxidative enzyme, which eliminates lipid peroxides. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of phototherapy on serum PON1 activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in hyperbilirubinemic full-term newborns. Material and Method: The study was performed on 40 full-tenn newborns between 3 to 15 days of age exposed to phototherapy. SerumPON1 activity and TAC levels of the babies were determined before and after phototherapy by spectrophotometric assays. Results: We have found that PON1 activity was not significantly affected by phototherapy whereas TAC levels were decreased significantly after phototherapy (p<0.001). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that phototherapy has no direct effect on PON1 activity. Also, decreased TAC levels might have resulted from increased oxidative stress which may lead to consumption of antioxidant molecules.Öğe Evaluation of Oral Prostaglandin E1 in Management of Ductus Dependent Congenital Heart Disease(Cukurova Univ, Fac Medicine, 2012) Altunhan, Huseyin; Annagur, Ali; Ertugrul, Sabahattin; Konak, Murat; Sap, Fatih; Karaaslan, Sevim; Ors, RahmiPurpose: Intravenous prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) infusion is a treatment which has been proven to be effective in ductus dependent congenital heart disease. However, PGE1 is very expensive, needed continuous infusion and its supply is difficult by every center. When its long term use is necessary, these problems become more important. The aim of this study was to show whether oral PGE1could keep the ductus open or not till the supply of intravenous PGE1. Method: Ten patients, who were admitted to newborn intensive care unit with the diagnosis of ductus dependent congenital heart disease and received oral PGE1 till the supply of intravenous PGE1, were evaluated. The PO2 with the arterial blood gas analysis and SO2 levels with pulse oxymeter at skin were recorded before and after the administration of oral and intravenous PGE1. Results: The mean oral PGE1 initiation age was 5.5 hours (0.5-25), and mean administration period was 28 hours (18-46). It was observed that the PO2 and SO2 levels of patients measured 2 hours after the initiation of oral PGE1 were significantly increased compared to the levels before initiation of PGE1. The improvement in PO2 and SO2 levels continued till the initiation of intravenous PGE1. It was also observed that the PO2 and SO2 levels of patients measured 2 hours after the initiation of intravenous PGE1 were slightly increased compared to levels before initiation of intravenous PGE1. Conclusion: Although intravenous PGE1 is more effective than oral PGE1 in short term usage, oral PGE1 is also sufficiently effective in keeping the dustus open. For this reason until the intravenous PGE1 is supplied oral PGE1 may be used as an alternative treatment choice. We think that in long term use oral PGE1, which is cheaper and easy to use, could be used instead of intravenous PGE1 without need of admission to hospital and opening intravenous line. However for this further studies are needed to confirm this assumption.Öğe Is Maternal Depressive Symptomatology Effective on Success of Exclusive Breastfeeding During Postpartum 6 Weeks?(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2013) Annagur, Ali; Annagur, Bilge Burcak; Sahin, Akkiz; Ors, Rahmi; Kara, FatihAim: The aim of this prospective study was to examine the relationship between success of exclusive breastfeeding and postpartum depressive symptomatology. Our hypothesis was that mothers with depressive symptoms initially fail exclusive breastfeeding. Subjects and Methods: One hundred ninety-seven mothers were enrolled in the study. The participants were interviewed twice. The first visit was within the first 48 hours after birth. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was completed by the participants. The second interview was performed at 6 weeks. Participants answered questions regarding methods of breastfeeding for 6 weeks, any methodological problems, and nipple pain. The EPDS was again completed by the participants at 6 weeks. All newborns were term infants. Results: All the participants were divided into two groups: exclusive breastfeeding and mixed-feeding (partial breastfeeding and/or bottle feeding). Both groups were compared in terms of features, such as mode of delivery, parity, prevalence of depressive symptomatology (at 48 hours and 6 weeks), and delayed onset of lactation within the first 48 hours. Statistical significance was found for only three variables: delayed onset of lactation within the first 48 hours, gestational age, and the problems related to breastfeeding methods. Conclusions: Clinicians should pay special attention to any lactation difficulty during the first week postpartum. Early lactation difficulties are associated with greater risk of early termination of breastfeeding and lower breastfeeding success.Öğe Persistent Nasal Bleeding Due to Nasal CPAP Application in 2 Premature Newborns Successfully Treated With Topical 'Ankaferd Blood Stopper''(Sage Publications Inc, 2011) Altunhan, Huseyin; Annagur, Ali; Tokgoz, Huseyin; Caliskan, Umran; Ors, Rahmi[Abstract Not Availabe]Öğe Postpartum Depression in Mothers of Infants with Very Low Birth Weight(Turkish Neuropsychiatry Assoc-Turk Noropsikiyatri Dernegi, 2013) Herguner, Sabri; Annagur, Ali; Clcek, Erdinc; Altunhan, Huseyin; Ors, RahmiBackground: Giving birth to an infant with very low birth weight (VLBW) is a major life event for a mother. Several studies have shown that mothers of these infants are at greater risk of psychological distress. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of depressive symptoms and to determine the associated factors among mothers who have infants with VLBW. Methods: The sample consisted of 105 subjects: 35 mothers of VLBW infants (<1500 g), 35 mothers of low birth weight (LBW) infants (1500-2500 g), and 35 mothers of healthy term infants (>2500 g). The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to detect maternal depressive symptoms. Maternal social support was assessed by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Results: The mean EPDS score and the number of mothers with high depressive scores (EPDS>12) were significantly higher in mothers of infants with VLBW than in mothers of LBW and term infants. EPDS score was negatively correlated with birth weight, gestational age, and perceived social support and positively correlated with duration of hospital stay in mothers of infants with VLBW. Low birth weight and long hospital stay were found as predictors of postpartum depression in mothers of infants with VLBW. Conclusion: The birth and subsequent hospitalization of an infant with very low birth weight evoke psychological distress in mothers. Pediatricians should be more careful about depressive symptoms of mothers of infants with VLBW and should refer for counseling when it is necessary. (Archives of Neuropsychiatry 2012; 50: 30-33)Öğe Respiratory Distress in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective EvaluationA(Cukurova Univ, Fac Medicine, 2012) Annagur, Ali; Altunhan, Huseyin; Aribas, Semra; Konak, Murat; Koc, Hasan; Ors, RahmiPurpose: To determine the demographic characteristics of the newborns with respiratory difficulties, frequency of neonatal disease, analyze of the prognostic factors and effectiveness of treatment who were hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: In this study, file records of the newborns who were hospitalized in NICU of Meram Medical School were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Of the 771 newborns, 225 who admitted due to respiratory distress in 2008 and of the 692 newborns, 282 who admitted due to respiratory distress in 2009. Mean birth weight was 1954 +/- 972 gr in 2008, and 2140 +/- 1009 gr in 2009. Mean pregnancy weeks were 32,4 +/- 5,0 in 2008 and 33,4 +/- 4,9 in 2009. Diagnosis of patients were sepsis (77,8%), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (40,4%), pneumothorax (20,9%), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ( 12,4%), meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) (6,2%), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (5,3%), pneumonia (3,6%), retinopathy of prematurely (ROP) (3,1%), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (2,7%) and transient tachypne of newborn (TTN) (2,2%) in 2008. In 2009, percentage of the diagnosis was 69,5% sepsis, 33,3% RDS, 17,0% PDA, 16,0% pneumothorax, 10,3% pneumonia, 8,2% IVH, 6% TTN, 5,3% BPD, 3,2% MAS and 3,2% ROP. 33.7% of the patients were died in 2009 and 43,6% of them in 2008. Conclusion: The newborns with respiratory distress who admitted to the hospital must be evaluated according to the pregnancy week, way of birth and accompanying problems during first examination and convenient transportation of the ones who need to be cared in advanced center where an intensive care support can be applied to decrease mortality and morbidity of newborns distress.Öğe Role of Subgroup Incompatibility in Newborn Jaundice Requiring Exchange Transfusion(Modestum Ltd, 2014) Annagur, Ali; Altunhan, Huseyin; Konak, Murat; Koc, Hasan; Ors, RahmiWe aimed to determine the role of exchange transfusion related complications, treatment, and etiology as well as subgroup incompatibility in patients subject to ET (exchange transfusion) due to newborn jaundice. 82 patients hospitalized due to newborn jaundice and exposed to exchange transfusion between August 2007 and August 2011 were retrospectively studied. Before ET mean total serum bilirubin was 29,2 +/- 9,83. The most frequent cause of ET was ABO incompatibility (31%) followed by Rh incompatibility (19%) and subgroup incompatibility (17%), respectively. In 46% of all patients and in 71% of the patients presenting with subgroup incompatibility, direct combs test was detected to be (+). 49% of the patients were administrated with intravenous immunoglobulin. 5 of the patients who were exposed to ET presented with hydrops fetalis. Of these patients 3 had Rh, 1 had ABO while the other had subgroup incompatibility. Although ABO and Rh incompatibility are substantial underlying reasons of severe jaundice requiring exchange transfusion, particularly widespread use of RhoGAM thereby enabling the prior identification and precautions, ET need was reduced compared to previous cases. On the contrary, SGU related severe hemolytic jaundice relatively enhanced, however.Öğe Role of Subgroup Incompatibility in Newborn Jaundice Requiring Exchange Transfusion(Modestum Ltd, 2014) Annagur, Ali; Altunhan, Huseyin; Konak, Murat; Koc, Hasan; Ors, RahmiWe aimed to determine the role of exchange transfusion related complications, treatment, and etiology as well as subgroup incompatibility in patients subject to ET (exchange transfusion) due to newborn jaundice. 82 patients hospitalized due to newborn jaundice and exposed to exchange transfusion between August 2007 and August 2011 were retrospectively studied. Before ET mean total serum bilirubin was 29,2 +/- 9,83. The most frequent cause of ET was ABO incompatibility (31%) followed by Rh incompatibility (19%) and subgroup incompatibility (17%), respectively. In 46% of all patients and in 71% of the patients presenting with subgroup incompatibility, direct combs test was detected to be (+). 49% of the patients were administrated with intravenous immunoglobulin. 5 of the patients who were exposed to ET presented with hydrops fetalis. Of these patients 3 had Rh, 1 had ABO while the other had subgroup incompatibility. Although ABO and Rh incompatibility are substantial underlying reasons of severe jaundice requiring exchange transfusion, particularly widespread use of RhoGAM thereby enabling the prior identification and precautions, ET need was reduced compared to previous cases. On the contrary, SGU related severe hemolytic jaundice relatively enhanced, however.Öğe Serum ischemia-modified albumin levels at diagnosis and during treatment of late-onset neonatal sepsis(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2014) Yerlikaya, F. Humeyra; Kurban, Sevil; Mehmetoglu, Idris; Annagur, Ali; Altunhan, Huseyin; Erbay, Ekrem; Ors, RahmiSepsis is one of the most common infectious conditions in the neonatal period, and continues as a major source of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to determine serum ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels in late-onset neonatal sepsis at the time of diagnosis and after therapy, and to show the meaningful on the follow-up. Also, it is aimed to compare serum IMA levels with serum C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT) levels and white blood cell count. The study was performed on 33 premature babies with sepsis and 21 healthy premature controls at 7-28 days of age. In the sepsis group, biochemical parameters and blood culture samples were obtained from the blood at the onset and on the fifth day of treatment for each patient. Serum IMA, CRP, PCT and white blood cell count were significantly higher in the sepsis group before treatment when compared with the control group. In addition, the levels of IMA were positively correlated with white blood cell count, CRP and PCT in the sepsis group before treatment. In conclusion, serum IMA levels may be useful in late-onset neonatal sepsis at the time of diagnosis and after therapy. As far as we know this is the first report about the assesment of illness diagnosis and after therapy using serum IMA levels, and further studies are needed to confirm our results in larger groups of patients.Öğe Shaken Baby Syndrome Suggestive of The Diagnosis of Osteogenesis Imperfecta in Newborn(Modestum Ltd, 2013) Annagur, Ali; Altunhan, Huseyin; Annagur, Bilge Burcak; Ertugrul, Sabahattin; Ors, RahmiPhysical child abuse may occur in a broad range of disorders from a mild soft tissue injury to a severe brain damage leading to death. The head trauma resulted from physical abuse is the main reason for the severe and fatal injuries in children, and arises with the clinical triad of externally seen trauma signs, subdural hemorrhage and retinal hemorrhage. In this article, we report a case of shaken baby aged 20-day, who was referred to our clinic with the diagnosis of late neonatal sepsis and osteogenesis imperfecta. A 20-day-old baby was presented to the emergency department of an outer health center with the complaints of restlessness and non-breastfeeding was considered as sepsis, and subsequently when multiple fractures were detected in the radiological investigations, a diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta was also considered, and the baby was referred to our hospital. In the examination of the extremities, he had swelling, ecchymose and limited mobility in both arms and the left calf. The extremity radiograms revealed body fractures in both humeri and the left femur. Radiological investigations are very important for the diagnosis of physical abuse, which causes serious mortality and morbidity and is usually difficult to diagnose because of a wrong medical history given by family members or a history taken by the physician carelessly. Discordance between the history given by the family and the radiological findings should be warning for the physician, and the radiological findings must be assessed carefully.Öğe Successful use of topical Ankaferd Blood Stopper for repetitive bleedings in an infant with infantile hemangioma(E-Century Publishing Corp, 2012) Annagur, Ali; Altunhan, Huseyin; Konak, Murat; Ors, RahmiInfantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common vascular tumor of childhood. A major feature of this tumor is rapid growth during a proliferation phase in the first year of life, followed by contraction through a slow involution phase. Several complications may emerge during this course. Bleeding at the site of the lesion and infection are the most common complications. 'Ankaferd Blood Stopper' (ABS) is a hemostatic agent produced as a mixture of five separate plant extracts. Provision of hemostasis by ABS is independent from coagulation factors and the standard coagulation cascade. Furthermore, ABS has an antimicrobial effect. In this article, we have presented a seven-year-old infant with IH on the lower lip who had been admitted with the symptoms of frequent bleedings and infection, and who was successfully treated with topical ABS in terms of control of bleeding and infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of IH that has been treated with ABS for bleeding.Öğe Total antioxidant and total oxidant states, and serum paraoxonase-1 in neonatal sepsis(Wiley, 2015) Annagur, Ali; Ors, Rahmi; Altunhan, Huseyin; Kurban, Sevil; Ertugrul, Sabahattin; Konak, Murat; Uygun, Saime SunduzBackgroundParaoxonase-1 (PON-1) is an enzyme with a glycoprotein structure that depends on calcium and which is located in serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The aim of this study was to evaluate PON-1, and oxidant/antioxidant state, before and after treatment for neonatal sepsis, and to determine the usability of PON-1 in neonatal sepsis treatment. MethodsA total of 35 neonatal sepsis patients and 35 healthy controls were included in the study. Activity of PON-1, total oxidant state (TOS) and total antioxidant state (TAS) were measured and oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. ResultsIn the neonatal sepsis patients, pre-treatment TAS, TOS and OSI were significantly higher than the post-treatment levels (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively), and PON-1 was significantly lower (P < 0.0001). Similarly, pre-treatment TAS, TOS and OSI in the sepsis group were also significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively) and PON-1 was significantly lower (P < 0.0001). Post-treatment TAS in the sepsis group was significantly higher than in the control group (P = 0.009), whereas post-treatment TOS, OSI and PON-1 in the sepsis group were not significantly different to the control group (P = 0.078, P = 0.597 and P = 0.086, respectively). ConclusionLow serum PON-1 was found in neonatal sepsis. Serum PON-1 is thought to be a useful biomarker to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and recovery in neonatal sepsis.Öğe Total antioxidant, total oxidant and serum paraoxonase levels according to lipid administration method in parenterally fed premature infants(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Konak, Murat; Tarakci, Nuriye; Altunhan, Huseyin; Annagur, Ali; Toker, Aysun; Ors, RahmiObjective: The aim of our study was to determine whether lipid solutions delivered separately or in mixture with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions effect the balance between oxidant and antioxidant levels in premature infants.Methods: A total of 60 preterm newborns who were delivered at their 30-34 gestational weeks and received TPN were included in the study. Premature newborns were randomized into two groups based on the delivery method of the lipid solution, separately (Group 1) or in mixture with TPN solutions (Group 2). Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and paraoxonase (PON-1) levels were analyzed in both blood samples, and oxidative stress index (OSI) was also calculated.Results: Thirty cases from both groups were included in the study. Statistically significant decrease in the level of TAS and increase in the level of PON-1 were detected at 72h of TPN therapy in both groups (p<0.05). Statistically significant decrease in both TOS and OSI levels were observed in Group 2 (p<0.05). In association with these findings, any statistically significant intergroup difference was not detected in both parameters regarding oxidant balance (p>0.05).Conclusion: Our study showed that according to lipid administration method any difference for oxidant-antioxidant balance was not detected.Öğe Total oxidant, antioxidant, and paraoxonase levels in babies born to pre-eclamptic mothers(Wiley, 2013) Altunhan, Huseyin; Annagur, Ali; Kurban, Sevil; Ertugrul, Sabahattin; Konak, Murat; Ors, RahmiAim The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidant-antioxidant status in babies born to pre-eclamptic mothers (BBPM). Material and Methods The paraoxonase (PON)-1, total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) levels were measured in the cord blood and venous blood (7th day) of BBPM (n=31) and babies born to normotensive mothers (n=25). Results The PON-1 and TOS levels in the cord blood and venous blood on the 7th day were not significantly different between the two groups; however, the cord blood TAS levels were higher in BBPM (P=0.001), and the TAS levels in the venous blood were higher in the control group (P=0.021). Furthermore, the cord blood PON-1 levels of babies born to severely pre-eclamptic mothers (n=18) were higher than those of babies born to moderately pre-eclamptic mothers (n=13) (P=0.042). There were no differences in the cord blood TAS and TOS levels and venous blood PON-1, TAS, and TOS levels between babies born to severely and moderately pre-eclamptic mothers. Conclusion The increased TAS levels found in the cord blood of BBPM indicate that the fetus is protected against oxidative damage caused by increased oxidative stress in the mother. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in the published work investigating PON-1 levels in BBPM.
