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    Neuroprotective Effects of Milrinone on Experimental Acute Spinal Cord Injury: Rat Model
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2021) Arac, Densel; Erdi, Mehmet Fatih; Keskin, Fatih; Kenan, Mehmet; Cuce, Gokhan; Aydemir, Fatma H. Y.; Guney, Onder
    OBJECTIVE: Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts nerve axons with devastating neurological consequences, but there is no effective clinical treatment. The secondary damage mechanism is a mainstay process, and it starts within a few minutes after trauma. We aim to investigate the neuroprotective effects of milrinone on the SCI model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 36 Wistar albino rats, each weighing 300-400 g, were randomly split into 4 groups that received different treatments: in group 1 (sham) (n = 9) control, only a laminectomy was performed; in group 2 (SCI) (n = 9), SCI was imitated after laminectomy; in group 3 (SCI + saline) (n = 9), physiological saline solution was injected intraperitoneally immediately after the SCI; and in group 4 (SCI + milrinone), milrinone was administered intraperitoneally on lateral decubitus position immediately after the SCI. Spinal cord contusion was established by the weight-drop technique after laminectomy. Neurological examination scores were recorded, and rats were killed 72 hours later. Serum and spinal cord tissue glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, 8-hydroxiguanosine, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 levels, histopathological spinal cord damage score, and apoptotic index were examined and compared between groups. RESULTS: Neurological examination scores were significantly better in the milrinone-treated group compared with groups 2 and 3. SCI significantly increased serum and spinal cord tissue glutathione peroxidase, total oxidant status, 8- hydroxiguanosine, and interleukin-6 levels that were successfully reduced with milrinone treatment. Interleukin-10 and total antioxidant status levels decreased as a result of SCI increased with milrinone treatment. Increased histopathological spinal cord damage score and apoptotic index in groups 2 and 3 significantly decreased in group 4. CONCLUSIONS: Milrinone could reduce apoptosis and increase anti-inflammatory and antioxidative mediators, thus playing a protective role in secondary nerve injury after SCI in rats.
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    Preventive Effects of Intraperitoneal Selenium on Cerebral Vasospasm In Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010) Kocaogullar, Yalcin; Ilik, Kemal; Esen, Hasan; Koc, Osman; Guney, Onder
    Vasospasm is an important cause of morbidity and mortality with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The effect of intraperitoneal administration of selenium, which is an antioxidant on cerebral vasospasm was investigated in an experimental model. By means of intracisternal blood injection model, SAH was induced in 24 rabbits, which were randomly divided into 3 groups (group I = control group, group 2 = SAH alone group, and group 3 = SAH plus selenium group). Basilar artery angiography was performed on day 0 and day 3 as described. Intraperitoneal selenium (0.05 mg/kg) treatment was started after the induction of SAH and administered once a day. Three days later, the animals were killed and the basilar artery was examined histologically for the luminal diameter and thickness of the arterial muscular wall. The mean values for the measurements of angiographic luminal diameter, pathologic luminal area.. Muscular wall thickness derived from the blind observer were analyzed statistically. There was no statistically significant difference in basal angiographic luminal diameter evaluation between groups 1-2-3 (P > 0.005). But in third day angiography; comparison of Group 2 and group 1-3 showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.001). In pathologic investigation; there was statistically significant difference in luminal area and muscular wall thickness of the basilar artery between groups 1, 2, and 3 (P < 0.005). Intraperitoneal selenium treatment was found effective by increasing the angiographic diameter, pathologic luminal area and reducine muscular wall thickness measurements. This is the first study to show that intraperitoneal administration of selenium is effective in preventing vasospasm after SAH in rabbits.