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    Aflatoxin contamination in tahini
    (Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013) Torlak, E.; Akan, I. M.
    Sesame seeds can be contaminated with aflatoxins during growth or storage. Therefore, tahini, a sesame seed-based product, has potential risk of aflatoxin contamination. In this study, a total of 104 tahini samples collected from Central Anatolian region of Turkey were analysed for aflatoxin contamination. Analysis of samples was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after immunoaffinity column clean-up, with recoveries ranging from 70.3 to 82.4%. In terms of incidence and quantity, aflatoxin B-1 was the predominant mycotoxin detected in 15 samples, with contamination levels ranging from 0.31 to 2.53 mu g/kg. The mean level of total aflatoxins in contaminated samples was found to be 1.17 +/- 0.55 mu g/kg. Our data revealed that aflatoxin B-1 and total aflatoxins levels determined in tahini samples were within the Turkish Food Codex limits. The incidence of contaminated tahini samples indicated that a regular surveillance program should be established to monitor the occurrence of aflatoxins in tahini.
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    Combined effect of benzalkonium chloride and ultrasound against Listeria monocytogenes biofilm on plastic surface
    (Wiley, 2013) Torlak, E.; Sert, D.
    This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of benzalkonium chloride combined with ultrasound in eliminating Listeria monocytogenes biofilm from polystyrene surface. The test strain of L.monocytogenes, previously classified as strong biofilm producer, was grown to form biofilm in tryptic soy broth at 20 degrees C for 6days in polystyrene specimen containers. The biofilms formed on surface of containers were treated with ultrasound alone, benzalkonium chloride (100 and 400mgl(-1)) alone and their combination for three different exposure times (1, 5 and 15min) at room temperature. Sonication was performed using an ultrasound bath at a constant ultrasound frequency of 35kHz. After treatments, levels of biofilm biomass and viable cells in biofilm were determined using crystal violet staining and XTT assays, respectively. The combined treatment of ultrasound and benzalkonium chloride resulted in significant (P<005) more decrease in the level of viable cells in the L.monocytogenes biofilm compared to individual treatments of benzalkonium chloride. Our results suggest that the combination of benzalkonium chloride with ultrasound is useful approach for the elimination of L.monocytogenes biofilms from plastic surfaces.
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    Effect of Yucca schidigera additions to different litter materials on broiler performance, footpad dermatitis and litter characteristics
    (Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2014) Onbasilar, Ebru E.; Erdem, E.; Unal, N.; Kocakaya, A.; Torlak, E.
    The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of Yucca schidigera additions to different litter materials on broiler performance, footpad dermatitis and litter characteristics. A total of five hundred seventy six 1-d-old male broiler chicks (ROSS-308) was randomly assigned to 48 pens. Chicks were randomly allocated to 2 litter and 4 Yucca schidigera treatments (0, 4, 8, 12%) with 6 replication pens. Each pen consisted of 12 chicks. Performances of broilers, ratio of footpad dermatitis and litter characteristics were not affected by Yucca schidigera additions to the litter materials. However, body weight gain and feed conversion from 1 to 21 days, total feed intake, total colony counts and number of Enterobacteriaceae in the litter were changed by litter material. Litter material by level of Yucca schidigera interaction was significant for body weight gain and feed conversion. Further studies will be done with different doses and applications of Yucca schidigera additions to the litter.
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    Effect of Yucca schidigera additions to different litter materials on broiler performance, footpad dermatitis and litter characteristics
    (Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2014) Onbasilar, Ebru E.; Erdem, E.; Unal, N.; Kocakaya, A.; Torlak, E.
    The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of Yucca schidigera additions to different litter materials on broiler performance, footpad dermatitis and litter characteristics. A total of five hundred seventy six 1-d-old male broiler chicks (ROSS-308) was randomly assigned to 48 pens. Chicks were randomly allocated to 2 litter and 4 Yucca schidigera treatments (0, 4, 8, 12%) with 6 replication pens. Each pen consisted of 12 chicks. Performances of broilers, ratio of footpad dermatitis and litter characteristics were not affected by Yucca schidigera additions to the litter materials. However, body weight gain and feed conversion from 1 to 21 days, total feed intake, total colony counts and number of Enterobacteriaceae in the litter were changed by litter material. Litter material by level of Yucca schidigera interaction was significant for body weight gain and feed conversion. Further studies will be done with different doses and applications of Yucca schidigera additions to the litter.
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    Efficacy of disinfectants against Cronobacter biofilm on plastic surfaces
    (Codon Publications, 2015) Torlak, E.; Gokmen, M.; Aydemir, S.
    In this study, efficacy of benzalkonium chloride (BC), peroxyacetic acid (PAA) and chlorine dioxide (CD) against Cronobacter biofilm were evaluated on polystyrene surface. A pool of three strains of Cronobacter was grown to form biofilm in tryptic soy broth at 30 degrees C in polystyrene specimen containers. Six-days-old biofilms on containers were treated with two different concentrations (100 and 400 mg/l) of disinfectants up to 15 min at room temperature. Cell killing effectiveness and biofilm removing capacity of disinfectants were evaluated by XTT and crystal violet assays, respectively. Exposure of Cronobacter biofilm to BC, PAA and CD at 400 mg/l for 15 min caused reductions of 69, 73 and 51% in the level of viable cells, respectively. Treatments at 400 mg/l for 15 min were only able to remove up to 18% of the biofilm biomass. Results show that disinfectants routinely used in food industry are insufficient in removing of Cronobacter biofilm from plastic surfaces. Results also show that cell killing effectiveness of disinfectants is considerably restricted by the matrix of biofilm.
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    Evaluation of two rapid methods for enumeration of yeast and mould in food
    (Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013) Torlak, E.; Akan, I. M.
    Several rapid methods have been developed for the enumeration of yeast and mould in foods. Among these rapid methods, the NEO-GRID hydrophobic grid membrane filter (HGMF) requires a considerably short incubation period and the TEMPO YM offers automation. TEMPO YM and NEO-GRID HGMF were compared with the current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method, the reference method, for the enumeration of yeast and mould in foods. This study of method comparison was conducted using 261 naturally contaminated food samples including dried fruits, marmalade, flour, pastry, sausage, nuts, sauce and spices. The results of the statistical analysis of different food categories demonstrated that differences between the rapid methods and the FDA method were not significant (P>0.05). Both TEMPO YM and NEO-GRID HGMF are rapid and efficient alternative methods for the enumeration of yeast and mould in foods.
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    Use of gaseous ozone for reduction of ochratoxin A and fungal populations on sultanas
    (Wiley, 2019) Torlak, E.
    Background and Aims Contaminated dried vine fruits including sultanas are regarded as an important source of ochratoxin A (OTA), a fungal secondary toxic metabolite, in human diets. Management of fungal contamination and OTA in the dried vine fruit industry includes prevention, regulation and decontamination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of gaseous ozone on the degradation of OTA on spiked sultanas. The effect of ozonation on indigenous fungal populations and the concentration of phenolic substances was also evaluated on non-spiked portions of the sultana sample. Methods and Results Sultanas were exposed to a continuous stream of gaseous ozone at 12.8 mg/L for up to 240 min in a treatment chamber at ambient laboratory conditions. The initial OTA level on spiked sultanas, determined as 16.7 mu g/kg, was reduced by 60.2 and 82.5% after 120 and 240 min of ozone exposure, respectively. Exposure to gaseous ozone for 120 min yielded more than 2.2 log reduction in the fungal population naturally present on sultanas. Ozonation for up to 120 min did not cause a significant (P > 0.05) change in the concentration of phenolic substances of sultanas. Conclusions Greater than the 60% reduction in the concentration of OTA on superficially contaminated sultanas can be achieved by gaseous ozone treatment without causing a significant decrease in the concentration of phenolic substances. Significance of the Study Gaseous ozone has potential to degrade OTA and reduce fungal viability on sultanas.