Büyük Selçuklular döneminde Nîşâbûr'da eğitim ve öğretim faaliyetleri (1040-1157)
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2019
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
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Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Siyasî ve kültürel açıdan tarih boyunca önemli bir yere sahip olan Nîşâbûr, Ortaçağ Türk tarihinin önemli iki büyük gücünü oluşturan Selçuklular ve Gazneliler arasında çok çetin geçen hâkimiyet mücadelesine sahne olmuş ve kilit bir rol üstlenmiştir. Selçukluların kesin zaferleri ile sonuçlanan Serahs ve Dandanakan Savaşı'ndan sonra, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti'nin temellerinin atıldığı şehir ve ilk başşehir unvanına sahip olmuştur. Tuğrul Bey tarafından devletin teşkilatlandırıldığı ve devlet kurumlarının oluşturulduğu Nîşâbûr'da, 437/1045-46 yılında ilk Selçuklu medresesinin inşa edildiği ve yine aynı yıllarda Tuğrul Bey adına paraların basıldığı görülmektedir. Nîşâbûr, Alp Arslan döneminde önemini korumuş ve ilk Nizâmiye medresesinin temelleri Alp Arslan'ın emri ile Nîşâbûr'da atılmıştır. Alp Arslan'ın vefatından sonra devlet adamlarının tavsiyesi üzerine Melikşah'ın Nîşâbûr'da tahta çıkması, şehrin öneminin göstergesidir. Berkyaruk döneminde de önemini koruyan Nîşâbûr, Sultan Sencer'in gerek Horasan melikliği gerekse sultanlığı döneminde kullandığı merkezlerden biri olmasının yanında, Sencer'in Katavan Savaşı'ndaki yenilgisinden sonra, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti'nin yıkılış sürecine acı bir şekilde şahitlik etmiştir. Selçuklular döneminde eğitim devlet himayesine alınmış ve güçlü bir şekilde desteklenmiştir. Nîşâbûr'da kurulan ilk Nizâmiye medresesine bakıldığında, Selçukluların eğitimde yeni bir misyon ve vizyon oluşturduğu, eğitimin amaç ve kazanımlarının belirlendiği görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda; eğitim kurumlarının yapı ve işleyişi teşkilatlandırılmış, eğitim ve öğretim programları revize edilerek yeni bir eğitim görüşü ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu kapsamda da, eğitim kurumlarının mimarî yapılarında düzenlemeye gidilmiş, eğitim ve öğretimin araç ve elemanları çeşitlendirilmiş, âlimlerin ve öğrencilerin ilmî faaliyetleri geliştirebilmeleri için geniş maddî imkânlar seferber edilmiştir. Bu yeni eğitim görüş ve felsefesinin ilk olarak Nîşâbûr'da uygulanması, Nîşâbûr'un Türk-İslâm eğitim tarihi içerisindeki yerini ve önemini arttıran hususiyetlerdendir. Çok eski ve güçlü bir eğitim geleneğine sahip olan Nîşâbûr'da, Nizâmiye medresesinden önce var olan medreseler, yeni kurulan Nizâmiye medresesine hem model olmuş hem de ilmî yönden kaynak teşkil etmiştir. Nîşâbûr'daki medreselerde eğitim görmüş ve ilim dünyasında ismini duyurmuş pek çok âlimin varlığı da bu görüşü destekler niteliktedir. Ayrıca, medreseler haricinde eğitim faaliyetlerinin yürütüldüğü pek çok hankâh, mescid ve kütüphanenin varlığı Nîşâbûr'un bir ilim, kültür ve eğitim şehri olduğunu göstermektedir.
Nishapur, which has an important place throughout history from the political and cultural perspectives, has played a key role in the struggle for sovereignty between the Seljuks and Ghaznavids which constitute the two important powers in the Turkish History of the Middle Ages. After the Battle of Serahs and Dandanakan, which resulted in the final victories of the Seljuks, it became the first Capital of Seljuks and the city that they laid their foundations. It is evident that the first Seljuk madrasah was built in 437/1045-46 and the money was printed in the name of Tughril Beg in Nishapur, where the state was organized, and the state institutions were established by Tughril Beg. Nishapur maintained its importance during the period of Alp Arslan and the foundations of the first Nizamiyya madrasah were laid in Nishapur with the order of Alp Arslan. After Alp Arslan's death, the fact that Melikshah came to the throne in Nishapur upon the advice of statesmen is an indication of the importance of the city. Nishapur, which kept its importance during the Berkyaruk period, was a painful witness to the collapse of the Great Seljuk State after Sencer's defeat at the Battle of the Katavan, as well as being one of the centers used by Sultan Sencer in both Khorasan and Sultanate periods. During the Seljuk period, education was taken under the protection of the state and was intensely supported by the state. Considering the first Nizamiyya madrasa established in Nishapur, it is realized that the Seljuks formed a new mission and vision in education and that the aims and achievements of education were determined. In this context, the structure and function of the educational institutions were organized, and the education and training programs were revised, and a new educational vision was created. Additionally, the architectural structures of educational institutions have been organized, the tools and elements of education and training have been diversified, and the wide material means have been mobilized for the scholars and students to develop scientific search. The application of this new educational vision and philosophy in Nishapur is one of the features that increased the place and importance of Nishapur in the history of Turkish-Islamic education. In the Nishapur, which had a very old and strong education tradition, the madrasas that existed before the Nizamiyya madrasah had been both a model and a scientific source for the newly established Nizamiyya madrasah. The existence of many scholars who were educated in the madrasas in Nishapur and made their name known in the scientific community also support this view. In addition, the presence of many dervish convents, masjids and libraries in which educational activities were carried out, other than madrasahs, indicate that Nishapur was a science, culture and education city.
Nishapur, which has an important place throughout history from the political and cultural perspectives, has played a key role in the struggle for sovereignty between the Seljuks and Ghaznavids which constitute the two important powers in the Turkish History of the Middle Ages. After the Battle of Serahs and Dandanakan, which resulted in the final victories of the Seljuks, it became the first Capital of Seljuks and the city that they laid their foundations. It is evident that the first Seljuk madrasah was built in 437/1045-46 and the money was printed in the name of Tughril Beg in Nishapur, where the state was organized, and the state institutions were established by Tughril Beg. Nishapur maintained its importance during the period of Alp Arslan and the foundations of the first Nizamiyya madrasah were laid in Nishapur with the order of Alp Arslan. After Alp Arslan's death, the fact that Melikshah came to the throne in Nishapur upon the advice of statesmen is an indication of the importance of the city. Nishapur, which kept its importance during the Berkyaruk period, was a painful witness to the collapse of the Great Seljuk State after Sencer's defeat at the Battle of the Katavan, as well as being one of the centers used by Sultan Sencer in both Khorasan and Sultanate periods. During the Seljuk period, education was taken under the protection of the state and was intensely supported by the state. Considering the first Nizamiyya madrasa established in Nishapur, it is realized that the Seljuks formed a new mission and vision in education and that the aims and achievements of education were determined. In this context, the structure and function of the educational institutions were organized, and the education and training programs were revised, and a new educational vision was created. Additionally, the architectural structures of educational institutions have been organized, the tools and elements of education and training have been diversified, and the wide material means have been mobilized for the scholars and students to develop scientific search. The application of this new educational vision and philosophy in Nishapur is one of the features that increased the place and importance of Nishapur in the history of Turkish-Islamic education. In the Nishapur, which had a very old and strong education tradition, the madrasas that existed before the Nizamiyya madrasah had been both a model and a scientific source for the newly established Nizamiyya madrasah. The existence of many scholars who were educated in the madrasas in Nishapur and made their name known in the scientific community also support this view. In addition, the presence of many dervish convents, masjids and libraries in which educational activities were carried out, other than madrasahs, indicate that Nishapur was a science, culture and education city.
Açıklama
Doktora Tezi
Anahtar Kelimeler
Büyük Selçuklular, Nîşâbûr, medrese, mescid, kütüphane, hankâh, eğitim ve öğretim, Great Seljuks, Nishapur, madrasa, masjid, library, dervish convent, education and teaching
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
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Sayı
Künye
Baştütk, N. (2019). Büyük Selçuklular döneminde Nîşâbûr'da eğitim ve öğretim faaliyetleri (1040-1157). (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Türkçe ve Sosyal Bilimler Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, Konya.
