Cumhuriyet Döneminde Süleyman Şah Türbesi’nin taşınması sorunu
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Tarih
2015
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Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Hem Osmanlı zamanında hem de Türkiye Cumhuriyeti döneminde devlet adamları nezdinde Caber Kalesi'nde bulunan Türk mezarının Süleyman Şah'a ait olduğu kabul görmüştür. Her iki dönemde de türbenin bakımı, onarımı ve gelecek nesillere aktarımı konusunda büyük bir özen gösterildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Süleyman Şah'ın kabri üzerine ilk defa Sultan II. Abdülhamit devrinde bir türbe inşa edilmiş ve Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarından itibaren de türbe bir karakol binası ile tahkim edilerek güvenli hale getirilmiştir. Süleyman Şah'ın kabrinin bulunduğu türbe ve türbenin etrafındaki belirli bir toprak parçası, 1921 Ankara Antlaşması'nın 9. maddesine istinaden yeni Türk devletinin kendi sınırları dışındaki tek toprağı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu toprak parçasının Türkiye'ye ait olduğu gerçeği daha sonra Ankara Antlaşması esas alınmak kaydıyla Lozan Barış Antlaşması'nda teyit edilmiş, ayrıca Türkiye ile Fransa ve Suriye Arap Cumhuriyeti arasında yapılan ikili antlaşmalara dayanarak bu hukuki durum sürdürülmüştür. Günümüzde de Süleyman Şah türbesi ve türbenin etrafındaki bahsi geçen toprak parçası uluslararası hukuk bakımından Türkiye'nin bir eksklavı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Türbe ve türbenin etrafındaki belirli bir toprak parçası birtakım güvenlik gerekçeleriyle üç defa yer değiştirmiştir. İlk olarak 1939 yılında, daha sonra Suriye Arap Cumhuriyeti'nin Tabka Barajını inşa etmesi üzerine ikinci defa 1975'te ve nihayet Suriye'deki iç savaş koşullarının da etkisiyle artan tehdit ve tehlikelere karşı Türk hükümetinin stratejik bir kararıyla üçüncü defa 2015'te yer değiştirmiştir. Bu makalede Cumhuriyet döneminde türbenin taşınması ile ilgili yaşanan gelişmeler, özellikle arşiv belgelerinden ve resmi kaynaklardan faydalanılarak değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır.
It is obvious importance and sensitivity of the issue that Suleiman Shah Tomb which has been known as the Turkish Grave for ages and a portion land at this region has belonged to Turks since Seljuks, the Ottoman state and until finally Turkish Republican Era. The efforts in the historic process of dealing with new Turkish state to gain a particular piece of land where the tomb of Suleiman Shah was situated in the Ja’ber Castle reveals a significant harmony with understanding and spirit of The National Pact. Releasing the tomb of Suleyman Shah situated in the Ja’ber Castle as land of Turkey, hoisting of the Turkish flag on the tomb and protecting the tomb by Turkish soldiers has been confirmed exactly with reference to defining the borders of Turkey and in Article 3 of the relevant sections of the currently applicable Treaty of Lausanne's soil Matters adopted with reference to the Ankara Agreement. Despite Article 8 of the Treaty of Ankara which is resolving the border issue between Turkey and Syria emphasis on the Treaty of Lausanne, in fact It is understood that all substances of the Ankara Agreement were adopted by the Commission in Lausanne. Then, despite a limitations of the Border Commission to determine the Turkey-Syria borders as fully and clearly be established, this Commission has not reached an expected result. Finally, ' Friendship and Good Neighbourhood Agreement between Turkey and France' signed in Ankara on 30 May 1926, thereby on border issues were largely resolved. The right to property and the sovereignty of the tomb of Suleiman Shah was given to Turkey in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Treaty of Lausanne (Reaffirming the Ankara Agreement). As according to this treaty in the international law has been expressed as Turkey's exclave in piece of land in the Ja'ber region until 1975. This situation also applies to the Karakozak region which is the second location of the tomb from 1975 to 2015. Because of the tomb has been moved to Syria Eşmesi at third time in 2015, a new agreement between the government of Turkey and Syria is needed to demonstrate clearly and explicitly the right of Turkey’s eksklav. Significant results have emerged from the study of issues relating to the transportation of Suleiman Shah tomb. First of all, light of archival documents in the article have been revealed that first time, tomb of Suleyman Shah was tried to be built in the period of Sultan Abdülhamit II reign. At the beginning of the 20th Century, there is too limited scientific studies on the region where the tomb of Suleyman Shah is located. There is some important information in Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell's book ‘Amurath To Amurath’ which is one of the rare studies illuminating to this period. Namely, it was stated that the only one grave in nearby was a Turkish tomb which was a small modern building. The location of the grave was located in the north western partof Ja'ber Castle and on the hill in front of the tower that was resembled a minaret which Arabs named as Neshabah, Bell also noted that this tomb was the only structure in the neighborhood. At the same time Bell mentioned the structure of 'Turkish Tomb' mistakenly attributed to Yavuz Selim instead of Suleyman Shah. When the article 9 of the 1921 Ankara Agreement was examined, it is understood that the place, where the tomb of Suleyman Shah was located, was pointed to the inside of the castle. Refik Halit Karay who had been exiled abroad within the scope of One Hundred Fifty Deportation in the early era of the Republican period visited the tomb in the castle and wrote his observations in 1929. Refik Halit Karay have used the following words: "Grave own place today, minaret of Ja'ber Castle is at the top of the grave " in his work. In this study, according to the available data the following issues can be identified: The sketch determining the Turkish territory which received from the ATASE Archive which dated 1922 and apparently sent to the delimitation of the Border Commission is showed that Suleiman Shah's tomb is not at the castle, is near the newly constructed police station building outside the castle in the 1938-1939 period. On the official website of Gendarmerie General Command and in the Suruc District Annual which published by Suruc District Governorate in 1996 are indicated that in 1938, modern station building was built at outside of Ja'ber Castle and a location in front of the castle and a year later in 1939, a proper tomb was made according to the historical importance of the old tomb and property and was transferred next to the police station. Between 1920 and 1946, with the permission of French mandate, French archaeologists have made a series of excavations in Ja'ber Castle and the results of this study has not been published so far. At the same time restoration work was also carried out in the castle but there was no permittion by the Turkish Government for this excavations. According to Turkey's 1922 sketch, the fact emerges that a place outside the castle was accepted in Turkish territory. Accordingly, It is likely that ancient tomb was moved from the castle to a new tomb structure in the 1938-1939 period. The transport which emphasized by the gendarmerie records may have occurred in 1939. Even if we assume that not such, tomb inside the castle also may be moved at a later date between the years 1922 and 1939. But 'Friendship and Good Neighbourhood Agreement' which signed in Ankara on 30 May 1926 determined with details clarification of the Turkey-Syria borders and the application format of certain provisions of 1921 Ankara Agreement , and also brought the new provisions. According to the provision related to Ja'ber Castle of the Ankara Agreement was stated that Suleyman Shah's tomb was in the castle. The surface area, where Ja'bar castle was located, was approximately 54,000 square meters. Piece of land in the Ja'bar owned by Turkey is 8797 square meters. There is no clear and explicit documents, when and which agreement or protocol determined this 8797 square meters.The sketch with 1936 date drawn by the Ministry of Public Works is emphasized piece of land which is 8797-square-meters. Hence on the period between the years 1921-1936, the possibilities of these both moving to new premises outside the castle of Suleyman Shah tomb and also a secret protocol was made between France and Turkey related to 8797 square meters field of Turkey which is the mentioned tomb around are possible. It is understood that the police station which was made by the Turkish Government in the 1938-1939 period and structure of new tomb are not in the same plan with tomb which was built in Period of Abdulhamit. Regarding this, in the article, the difference of the position and plans between tomb plan at the period of Abdülhamit II and picture of the new tomb which was made in the 1938-1939 period were clearly demonstrated. Due to the threats of Tabqa Dam waters, in 1975, tomb has moved into second place in the Karakozak in accordance with an agreement was made by Syria and Turkish administrators. In 21 February 2015 , with a strategic decision taken by the Turkish Government, tomb was moved to Syria Eşmesi which is quite close the border of Turkey.
It is obvious importance and sensitivity of the issue that Suleiman Shah Tomb which has been known as the Turkish Grave for ages and a portion land at this region has belonged to Turks since Seljuks, the Ottoman state and until finally Turkish Republican Era. The efforts in the historic process of dealing with new Turkish state to gain a particular piece of land where the tomb of Suleiman Shah was situated in the Ja’ber Castle reveals a significant harmony with understanding and spirit of The National Pact. Releasing the tomb of Suleyman Shah situated in the Ja’ber Castle as land of Turkey, hoisting of the Turkish flag on the tomb and protecting the tomb by Turkish soldiers has been confirmed exactly with reference to defining the borders of Turkey and in Article 3 of the relevant sections of the currently applicable Treaty of Lausanne's soil Matters adopted with reference to the Ankara Agreement. Despite Article 8 of the Treaty of Ankara which is resolving the border issue between Turkey and Syria emphasis on the Treaty of Lausanne, in fact It is understood that all substances of the Ankara Agreement were adopted by the Commission in Lausanne. Then, despite a limitations of the Border Commission to determine the Turkey-Syria borders as fully and clearly be established, this Commission has not reached an expected result. Finally, ' Friendship and Good Neighbourhood Agreement between Turkey and France' signed in Ankara on 30 May 1926, thereby on border issues were largely resolved. The right to property and the sovereignty of the tomb of Suleiman Shah was given to Turkey in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Treaty of Lausanne (Reaffirming the Ankara Agreement). As according to this treaty in the international law has been expressed as Turkey's exclave in piece of land in the Ja'ber region until 1975. This situation also applies to the Karakozak region which is the second location of the tomb from 1975 to 2015. Because of the tomb has been moved to Syria Eşmesi at third time in 2015, a new agreement between the government of Turkey and Syria is needed to demonstrate clearly and explicitly the right of Turkey’s eksklav. Significant results have emerged from the study of issues relating to the transportation of Suleiman Shah tomb. First of all, light of archival documents in the article have been revealed that first time, tomb of Suleyman Shah was tried to be built in the period of Sultan Abdülhamit II reign. At the beginning of the 20th Century, there is too limited scientific studies on the region where the tomb of Suleyman Shah is located. There is some important information in Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell's book ‘Amurath To Amurath’ which is one of the rare studies illuminating to this period. Namely, it was stated that the only one grave in nearby was a Turkish tomb which was a small modern building. The location of the grave was located in the north western partof Ja'ber Castle and on the hill in front of the tower that was resembled a minaret which Arabs named as Neshabah, Bell also noted that this tomb was the only structure in the neighborhood. At the same time Bell mentioned the structure of 'Turkish Tomb' mistakenly attributed to Yavuz Selim instead of Suleyman Shah. When the article 9 of the 1921 Ankara Agreement was examined, it is understood that the place, where the tomb of Suleyman Shah was located, was pointed to the inside of the castle. Refik Halit Karay who had been exiled abroad within the scope of One Hundred Fifty Deportation in the early era of the Republican period visited the tomb in the castle and wrote his observations in 1929. Refik Halit Karay have used the following words: "Grave own place today, minaret of Ja'ber Castle is at the top of the grave " in his work. In this study, according to the available data the following issues can be identified: The sketch determining the Turkish territory which received from the ATASE Archive which dated 1922 and apparently sent to the delimitation of the Border Commission is showed that Suleiman Shah's tomb is not at the castle, is near the newly constructed police station building outside the castle in the 1938-1939 period. On the official website of Gendarmerie General Command and in the Suruc District Annual which published by Suruc District Governorate in 1996 are indicated that in 1938, modern station building was built at outside of Ja'ber Castle and a location in front of the castle and a year later in 1939, a proper tomb was made according to the historical importance of the old tomb and property and was transferred next to the police station. Between 1920 and 1946, with the permission of French mandate, French archaeologists have made a series of excavations in Ja'ber Castle and the results of this study has not been published so far. At the same time restoration work was also carried out in the castle but there was no permittion by the Turkish Government for this excavations. According to Turkey's 1922 sketch, the fact emerges that a place outside the castle was accepted in Turkish territory. Accordingly, It is likely that ancient tomb was moved from the castle to a new tomb structure in the 1938-1939 period. The transport which emphasized by the gendarmerie records may have occurred in 1939. Even if we assume that not such, tomb inside the castle also may be moved at a later date between the years 1922 and 1939. But 'Friendship and Good Neighbourhood Agreement' which signed in Ankara on 30 May 1926 determined with details clarification of the Turkey-Syria borders and the application format of certain provisions of 1921 Ankara Agreement , and also brought the new provisions. According to the provision related to Ja'ber Castle of the Ankara Agreement was stated that Suleyman Shah's tomb was in the castle. The surface area, where Ja'bar castle was located, was approximately 54,000 square meters. Piece of land in the Ja'bar owned by Turkey is 8797 square meters. There is no clear and explicit documents, when and which agreement or protocol determined this 8797 square meters.The sketch with 1936 date drawn by the Ministry of Public Works is emphasized piece of land which is 8797-square-meters. Hence on the period between the years 1921-1936, the possibilities of these both moving to new premises outside the castle of Suleyman Shah tomb and also a secret protocol was made between France and Turkey related to 8797 square meters field of Turkey which is the mentioned tomb around are possible. It is understood that the police station which was made by the Turkish Government in the 1938-1939 period and structure of new tomb are not in the same plan with tomb which was built in Period of Abdulhamit. Regarding this, in the article, the difference of the position and plans between tomb plan at the period of Abdülhamit II and picture of the new tomb which was made in the 1938-1939 period were clearly demonstrated. Due to the threats of Tabqa Dam waters, in 1975, tomb has moved into second place in the Karakozak in accordance with an agreement was made by Syria and Turkish administrators. In 21 February 2015 , with a strategic decision taken by the Turkish Government, tomb was moved to Syria Eşmesi which is quite close the border of Turkey.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Süleyman Şah Türbesi, Caber Kalesi, Türk mezarı, Ankara Antlaşması, Türk eksklavı, Suleyman Shah Tomb, Ja'ber Castle, The Turkish grave, Ankara Agreement, Turkey’s exclave
Kaynak
Turkish Studies (Elektronik)
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
10
Sayı
5
Künye
Kaya, Y., Özalp, G. O. (2015). Cumhuriyet Döneminde Süleyman Şah Türbesi’nin taşınması sorunu. Turkish Studies (Elektronik), 10, 5, 245-266.
