Bürokrasi-siyaset ilişkilerinin parlamenter ve Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet Sistemleri üzerinden değerlendirilmesi (2002-2022)
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
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Yayıncı
Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Kamu yönetimi alanında en önemli ve temel tartışmalardan birini siyaset ve bürokrasi gibi devletin idari olarak işletilmesinde görevli kurumlar arasındaki ilişkilerin ne şekilde olduğu oluşturmaktadır. İlişkilerin boyutu hükümet sistemleri, yönetim biçimleri gibi birçok faktöre göre farklılık arz etse de genel olarak bürokrat ve siyasetçilerin birbirlerine üstünlük kurma ya da idari gücü daha fazla kendi elinde tutmaya dayanmaktadır. Bu iki önemli kurumun görev alanları anayasa, kanun, tüzük, yönetmelik gibi mevzuatlar çerçevesinde belirlenmiş olsa da işlerlik noktasında keskin sınırlar çizilememektedir. Osmanlı Devleti'nde Tanzimat dönemine kadar padişah, devletin yönetiminde mutlak iradeye sahip olarak yürütme, yasa koyma ve yargısal görevleri kendisine sadakatle bağlı "kul statüsü" anlayışına dayalı bürokratların yardımıyla üstlenmekteydi. Tanzimat'a kadar padişaha mutlak bağlılık arz eden bürokrasi, devlet idaresinde padişahın yanında ikinci bir güç olarak ortaya çıkamamıştır. Tanzimat Fermanı ile başlayan modernleşme ve sonrasında yürürlüğe giren Meşrutiyet Dönemleri bürokrasiyi ve bürokratları devlet yönetiminde önemli bir konuma getirmiştir. Bu durumun ortaya çıkışında hükümetlerin görev alanlarının artması, bilgi ve uzmanlığın ön plana çıkması, modern devlet yapılarının ortaya çıkışı ve "tekil irade" anlayışına dayalı yönetimlerin yerini demokrasiyle idare edilen yönetimlerin alması gelmektedir. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti birçok alanda olduğu gibi bürokratik anlayışı da Osmanlıdan devralmış ve kamu yönetimine dair birtakım geleneksel uygulamaları devam ettirmiştir. Kuruluş yıllarında tek parti yönetimi ve anlayışıyla birlikte bürokrasinin etkinliği fazlayken, Demokrat Parti'nin iktidara gelmesiyle bürokratik etkinlik giderek azalmış ve siyasi iradeye bağlı hareket etmeye başlamıştır. Siyasal iradeyi tek partinin elinde tuttuğu dönemlerde bürokrasinin etkinliği azalırken koalisyonlar döneminde ise bürokratik etkinlik artmıştır. 2002 yılında tek başına iktidara gelen Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, her zaman bürokrasinin idareyi yönlendiren bir unsur olmaktan ziyade iktidarın verdiği görevleri uygulayan ve kamuya hizmet eden bir araç olması için uğraşmıştır. 2002-2018 yılları arasında parlamenter hükümet sistemi döneminde siyasal iradede tek söz sahibi olan Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, bürokrasiyi tam anlamda kendine bağlı kılamasa da 2018 yılında yürürlüğe giren cumhurbaşkanlığı hükümet sistemi modeliyle cumhurbaşkanının tüm üst düzey yöneticileri atama, görevden alma gibi görev alanlarında tam yetkili kılınması sonrasında bürokrasi siyasal iradeye bağlı bir unsur haline getirilmiştir. Bu çalışma Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi'nin Parlamenter ve cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet Sistemi dönemlerinde bürokrasinin ve bürokratik vesayetin siyasi irade eliyle nasıl ve ne şekilde dönüşüme uğradığı, siyasetin bürokrasiyi idari anlamda rakip olan bir konumdan kendisine bağlı hareket eden bir konuma nasıl getirdiğini ortaya koyması bakımından önem taşımaktadır.
One of the most important and fundamental debates in the field of public administration is how the relations between institutions such as politics and bureaucracy are in charge of the administrative operation of the state. Although the size of the relations varies according to many factors such as government systems and management styles, it is generally based on bureaucrats and politicians to dominate each other or to hold the administrative power more in their own hands. Although the fields of duty of these two important institutions are determined within the framework of legislation such as the constitution, laws, by-laws, and regulations, sharp boundaries cannot be drawn in terms of operability. Until the Tanzimat period in the Ottoman Empire, the sultan, having absolute will in the administration of the state, assumed the executive, law-making and judicial duties with the help of bureaucrats who were loyal to him and based on the understanding of "servant status". The bureaucracy, which showed absolute loyalty to the sultan until the Tanzimat, could not emerge as a second power next to the sultan in the state administration. The modernization that started with the Tanzimat Edict and the Constitutional Periods that came into force after it brought the bureaucracy and bureaucrats to an important position in the state administration. In the emergence of this situation, the increase in the duties of governments, the emergence of knowledge and expertise, the emergence of modern state structures and the replacement of governments based on the understanding of "single will" come from the administrations administered by democracy. The Republic of Türkiye took over the bureaucratic understanding from the Ottoman Empire, as in many other fields, and continued some traditional practices regarding public administration. While the efficiency of the bureaucracy was high with the single-party administration and understanding in the years of its establishment, the bureaucratic activity gradually decreased with the coming to power of the Democratic Party and started to act depending on the political will. While the efficiency of the bureaucracy decreased during the periods when the political will was held by one party, the bureaucratic efficiency increased during the coalitions period. The AK Party, which came to power alone in 2002, has always tried to make the bureaucracy a tool that implements the duties given by the government and serves the public, rather than being an element that directs the administration. Although the AK Party, which had the sole say in the political will during the parliamentary government system between 2002-2018, could not make the bureaucracy fully subordinate to itself, with the presidential government system model that came into effect in 2018, the bureaucracy became fully authorized after the president was given full authority in duties such as appointing and dismissing all senior executives. became an element dependent on political will. This study is important in terms of revealing how and in what way the bureaucracy and bureaucratic tutelage were transformed by the political will during the AK Party's parliamentary and presidential system of government, and how politics brought the bureaucracy from an administrative rival to a position that acts dependent on itself.
One of the most important and fundamental debates in the field of public administration is how the relations between institutions such as politics and bureaucracy are in charge of the administrative operation of the state. Although the size of the relations varies according to many factors such as government systems and management styles, it is generally based on bureaucrats and politicians to dominate each other or to hold the administrative power more in their own hands. Although the fields of duty of these two important institutions are determined within the framework of legislation such as the constitution, laws, by-laws, and regulations, sharp boundaries cannot be drawn in terms of operability. Until the Tanzimat period in the Ottoman Empire, the sultan, having absolute will in the administration of the state, assumed the executive, law-making and judicial duties with the help of bureaucrats who were loyal to him and based on the understanding of "servant status". The bureaucracy, which showed absolute loyalty to the sultan until the Tanzimat, could not emerge as a second power next to the sultan in the state administration. The modernization that started with the Tanzimat Edict and the Constitutional Periods that came into force after it brought the bureaucracy and bureaucrats to an important position in the state administration. In the emergence of this situation, the increase in the duties of governments, the emergence of knowledge and expertise, the emergence of modern state structures and the replacement of governments based on the understanding of "single will" come from the administrations administered by democracy. The Republic of Türkiye took over the bureaucratic understanding from the Ottoman Empire, as in many other fields, and continued some traditional practices regarding public administration. While the efficiency of the bureaucracy was high with the single-party administration and understanding in the years of its establishment, the bureaucratic activity gradually decreased with the coming to power of the Democratic Party and started to act depending on the political will. While the efficiency of the bureaucracy decreased during the periods when the political will was held by one party, the bureaucratic efficiency increased during the coalitions period. The AK Party, which came to power alone in 2002, has always tried to make the bureaucracy a tool that implements the duties given by the government and serves the public, rather than being an element that directs the administration. Although the AK Party, which had the sole say in the political will during the parliamentary government system between 2002-2018, could not make the bureaucracy fully subordinate to itself, with the presidential government system model that came into effect in 2018, the bureaucracy became fully authorized after the president was given full authority in duties such as appointing and dismissing all senior executives. became an element dependent on political will. This study is important in terms of revealing how and in what way the bureaucracy and bureaucratic tutelage were transformed by the political will during the AK Party's parliamentary and presidential system of government, and how politics brought the bureaucracy from an administrative rival to a position that acts dependent on itself.
Açıklama
Doktora Tezi
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bürokrasi, Siyaset, İktidar, Türkiye'de Yönetim, Bureaucracy, Politics, Power, Management in Türkiye
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Kaya, R. (2023). Bürokrasi-siyaset ilişkilerinin parlamenter ve Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet Sistemleri üzerinden değerlendirilmesi (2002-2022). (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, Konya.
