Abbâsî Halifesi Mu'temid Alellâh'ın Hayatı ve Halifeliği (229-279/843-892)
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Abbâsî Devleti tarihinde, Halife Mu’tasım’ın, hilâfet merkezini Bağdat’tan Sâmerrâ’ya
taşımasıyla başlayan Sâmerrâ dönemi, elli altı yıl sürmüştür. Bu dönemde sekiz halife görev
yapmıştır. Bu dönemin genel özelliği Abbâsîlerin birinci dönemindeki halifeler gibi, otoriter
halifelerin bulunmayışıdır. Sâmerrâ dönemiyle birlikte nüfûz sahibi olan Türk komutanlar,
kimin halife olacağına karar verebilecek güce ulaşmışlardır. Hal böyle olunca bu dönemde
veliahtlık uygulaması genel olarak işlevini kaybetmiştir. Bu durumu tersine çevirmek isteyen
halifeler, Türk komutanların arasındaki rekabeti kullanarak, onları bertaraf etmek ve hilâfetin
gücünü yeniden ellerine almak için mücadele etmişlerdir. Merkezde yaşanan otorite boşluğu
büyük isyanların çıkmasına ve devletin doğusunda ve batısında bağımsız hareket eden
devletlerin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Mu’temid halife olmasına rağmen, kardeşi
Muvaffak, devletin idâresini eline alarak devleti karşı karşıya kaldığı buhranlı süreçten
çıkarmaya çalışmıştır.
256-279/870-892 yılları arasında halifelik yapan Mu’temid, Sâmerrâ döneminin son ve
en uzun süre görev yapan halifesidir. Mu’temid’in görevde kaldığı yirmi üç yılda siyasî, dinî,
ilmî ve kültürel alanlarda önemli gelişmeler yaşanmıştır. Bu alanlarda yaşanan gelişmeleri ve
sonraki dönemlere etkilerinin tespiti, çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Bu döneme ışık
tutmak amacıyla, temel İslâm tarihi kaynakları, tabakât, terâcim kitapları başta olmak üzere
bu dönem hakkında bilgiler içeren modern dönemde kaleme alınan eserler incelenmiştir.
Sonuç olarak, Mu’temid döneminde devletin varlığını tehdit eden isyanların bastırıldığı
görülmektedir. Ayrıca hilâfetinin sonlarına doğru başkent Bağdat’a taşınmıştır. Bu durum
Türk nüfûzunun yönetim üzerindeki etkisini kaybettiğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte dinî
ilimlerde ve müspet ilimlerde çok önemli gelişmeler yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın özelde
Mu’temid dönemine ışık tutması genelde ise Abbâsî tarihi ile alakalı akademik çalışmalara
katkı sunması hedeflenmiştir.
During the time of Abbâsids, Khalif Al-Mo'tasim carried the center of caliphate from Baghdad to Sâmarrâ which started the period of Sâmarrâ. It lasted for 56 years. Eight caliphs took charge in this period. The general features of this period was that there weren't any authoritative caliphs like the ones who were in the first period of Abbâsids. With the period of Sâmarrâ, well-known Turkish commanders had the power to decide who would be the caliph. As a result, the implementation of heirship to the throne went to pieces generally in this period. The caliphs who tried to reserve this case struggled to regain the power of caliphate and eliminate Turkish commenders by using their rivalry. The authority gap which was in the centre brought about big rebellions and appearing the governments which acted independently in the West and East of the country. Although Al-Mu'tamid was the caliph, his brother, Al-Muwaffak, tried to sort out this chaotic situation by gaining the managementof the government. Al-Mu'tamid, who was the caliph between 256-279 and 870-892, was the last caliph and he was the caliph who was in charge for the longest time in this period. Important developments in the fields of politics, religion, science and culture were experienced for 23 years during the period of Al-Mu'tamid. The aim of this study is to establish the developments of these fields and their effects on the other periods. Main Islamic historical resouces, tabaqat books and modern works which have information about this period were researched in order to elaborate this period. As a result, it is seen that the rebellions which threatened the government were crushed during the period of Al-Mu'tamid. Also, the capital was carried to Baghdad in the last period of caliphate. This situation shows that Turks lost their effects on the government. Besides, very important developments in the religious and positive sciences were experienced. The aim of the study is to highlight particularly the period of Al-Mu'tamid and contribute generally academic studies about the history of Abbâsids.
During the time of Abbâsids, Khalif Al-Mo'tasim carried the center of caliphate from Baghdad to Sâmarrâ which started the period of Sâmarrâ. It lasted for 56 years. Eight caliphs took charge in this period. The general features of this period was that there weren't any authoritative caliphs like the ones who were in the first period of Abbâsids. With the period of Sâmarrâ, well-known Turkish commanders had the power to decide who would be the caliph. As a result, the implementation of heirship to the throne went to pieces generally in this period. The caliphs who tried to reserve this case struggled to regain the power of caliphate and eliminate Turkish commenders by using their rivalry. The authority gap which was in the centre brought about big rebellions and appearing the governments which acted independently in the West and East of the country. Although Al-Mu'tamid was the caliph, his brother, Al-Muwaffak, tried to sort out this chaotic situation by gaining the managementof the government. Al-Mu'tamid, who was the caliph between 256-279 and 870-892, was the last caliph and he was the caliph who was in charge for the longest time in this period. Important developments in the fields of politics, religion, science and culture were experienced for 23 years during the period of Al-Mu'tamid. The aim of this study is to establish the developments of these fields and their effects on the other periods. Main Islamic historical resouces, tabaqat books and modern works which have information about this period were researched in order to elaborate this period. As a result, it is seen that the rebellions which threatened the government were crushed during the period of Al-Mu'tamid. Also, the capital was carried to Baghdad in the last period of caliphate. This situation shows that Turks lost their effects on the government. Besides, very important developments in the religious and positive sciences were experienced. The aim of the study is to highlight particularly the period of Al-Mu'tamid and contribute generally academic studies about the history of Abbâsids.
Açıklama
Doktora Tezi
Anahtar Kelimeler
Abbâsîler, Sâmerrâ, Türkler, Mu’temid-Alellâh, Muvaffak, Abbâsids, Sâmarrâ, The Turks, Al-Mu’tamid Alallah, Al-Muwaffaq
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Kuşcalı, A. (2021). Abbâsî Halifesi Mu'temid Alellâh'ın hayatı ve halifeliği(229-279/843-892). (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İslam Tarihi ve Sanatları Anabilim Dalı, Konya.
