Türkiye'de yarışma yoluyla elde edilmiş uygulamaların (1930-1980) modern mimarlık mirası kapsamında değerlendirilmesi
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Tarih
2024
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Yayıncı
Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess
Özet
Kuramsal temelleri 19. yüzyılda atılan modern koruma düşüncesinin gelişiminin ardından 20. yüzyılın sonlarıyla birlikte “modern mimarlık yapılarının” da koruma kapsamında ele alınması gündeme gelmiştir. İlk etapta DOCOMOMO başta olmak üzere UNESCO, ICOMOS ve Avrupa Konseyi gibi uluslararası koruma kuruluşları modern mimarlık mirasının korunması ve değerlendirilmesi ile ilgili çalışmalar yürütmüş ve konu ile ilgili kuramsal çerçevenin oluşturulması ve geliştirilmesine yönelik akademik çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Özellikle Avrupa ülkeleri yerel ölçekte çalışmalar yürütmeye başlamış, modern mimarlık mirasını korumaya yönelik yasaların düzenlenmesi, 20. yüzyıla özgü değerlerin ve kriterlerin tartışılması ve envanter hazırlanması gibi konuları gündemlerine almışlardır. Ancak niteliği ve niceliği ile geleneksel mimari mirastan farklılaşan bu mirasın tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de tehdit altında oluşu, gün be gün yaşanan yıkımlar konu ile ilgili çalışmalarının güncelliğini ve önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmanın kapsamı; Türkiye’nin 20. yüzyıl modern mimarlık mirası içinde yerel bir dinamik olan “mimari proje yarışmaları” olarak belirlenmiştir. Tek yapı ölçeğinden imar planları ölçeğine kadar geniş bir çerçevede ele alınabilecek yarışmalar; Türkiye’de mimarlık mesleğinin gelişmesinde, uluslararası akımların yerele entegre edilmesinde ve kentlerin çehrelerinin değişmesinde adeta lokomotif konumundadır. Çalışmanın sınırları ise; 1930-1980 yılları arasında yarışma yoluyla elde edilmiş uygulamalar olarak belirlenmiştir. Yarışmaların ilk açıldığı tarih olarak 1930 referans alınmış; 1980 yılı, askeri müdahale ile ülke genelinde yaşanan değişim, yarışma yönetmeliğinde yapılan değişiklik ve paradigma kayması sebebiyle sınır kabul edilmiştir. Çalışmada modern mimarlık mirasının tanımları, değerleri ve kriterleri; uluslararası koruma kuruluşları, uluslararası/ulusal koruma belgeleri ve örnek ülkeler üzerinden karşılaştırılmış ve sonucunda Türkiye’de yarışma projesiyle elde edilmiş uygulamaların miras değerlerini araştırmak üzere bir “değerlendirme modeli” geliştirilmiştir. Yarışmalar ise; 2021’de ISC20C ve Getty Conservation Institute iş birliği ile geliştirilen “Yirminci Yüzyıl Tarihi Tematik Çerçevesi: Miras Alanlarını Değerlendirmek için Bir Araç” başlıklı çalışma baz alınarak belirlenen sekiz tema üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Bu temalar içinden seçilen 29 yapı; değerlendirme modelinin entegre edildiği yapı analiz fişlerine göre değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda; geliştiren bu modelin yalnızca mimari proje yarışmaları özelinde değil, Türkiye’de modern mimarlık mirası niteliğindeki yapıların taşıdıkları değerlerin analizinde de altlık olarak kullanılabileceği ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca Türkiye’de modern mimarlık mirasına dair yapılacak kriter ve değer belirleme çalışmasında “yarışma projesi ile elde edilmiş olma”nın tek başına bir kriter olarak ele alınması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Following the development of modern conservation idea, the theoretical foundations of which were laid in the 19th century, the inclusion of "modern architectural buildings" within the scope of conservation came to the agenda in the late 20th century. International conservation organisations such as DOCOMOMO, UNESCO, ICOMOS and the Council of Europe have carried out studies on the conservation and evaluation of modern architectural heritage, and academic studies have been carried out to establish and develop the theoretical framework on the subject. Especially European countries have started to carry out studies on a local scale, and have taken issues such as the regulation of laws for the conservation of modern architectural heritage, the discussion of values and criteria specific to the 20th century, and the preparation of inventories into their agenda. However, the fact that this heritage, which differs from the traditional architectural heritage with its quality and quantity, is under threat in Turkey as well as all over the world, and the destructions that occur day by day reveal the actuality and importance of the studies on the subject. The scope of the study has been determined as "architectural project competitions", which are a local dynamic within Turkey’s 20th century modern architectural heritage. The competitions, which can be considered in a wide range from the scale of a single building to the scale of zoning plans, are the locomotive in the development of the architectural profession in Turkey, in the integration of international trends into the local context and in changing the faces of cities. The boundaries of the study were determined as the applications obtained through competitions between 1930-1980. The year 1930 was taken as a reference as the date when the competitions were first opened; the year 1980 was accepted as the boundary due to the change experienced throughout the country with the military intervention, the amendment made in the competition regulations and the paradigm shift. In the study, the definitions, values and criteria of modern architectural heritage are compared through international conservation organisations, international/national conservation documents and sample countries, and as a result, an "evaluation model" is developed to investigate the heritage values of the applications obtained through competition projects in Turkey. The competitions were analyzed using eight themes that were determined based on the study titled "The Twentieth-Century Historic Thematic Framework: A Tool for Assessing Heritage Places", developed in cooperation with ISC20C and the Getty Conservation Institute in 2021. The 29 buildings selected from these themes were evaluated according to the building analysis sheets in which the evaluation model was integrated. As a result of the study, it has been understood that this model can be used as a basis not only for architectural project competitions, but also for the determination of the values of modern architectural heritage buildings in Turkey. In addition, it has been concluded that "being built through a competition project" should be considered as a stand-alone criterion in the criteria and value determination studies to be carried out on modern architectural heritage in Turkey.
Following the development of modern conservation idea, the theoretical foundations of which were laid in the 19th century, the inclusion of "modern architectural buildings" within the scope of conservation came to the agenda in the late 20th century. International conservation organisations such as DOCOMOMO, UNESCO, ICOMOS and the Council of Europe have carried out studies on the conservation and evaluation of modern architectural heritage, and academic studies have been carried out to establish and develop the theoretical framework on the subject. Especially European countries have started to carry out studies on a local scale, and have taken issues such as the regulation of laws for the conservation of modern architectural heritage, the discussion of values and criteria specific to the 20th century, and the preparation of inventories into their agenda. However, the fact that this heritage, which differs from the traditional architectural heritage with its quality and quantity, is under threat in Turkey as well as all over the world, and the destructions that occur day by day reveal the actuality and importance of the studies on the subject. The scope of the study has been determined as "architectural project competitions", which are a local dynamic within Turkey’s 20th century modern architectural heritage. The competitions, which can be considered in a wide range from the scale of a single building to the scale of zoning plans, are the locomotive in the development of the architectural profession in Turkey, in the integration of international trends into the local context and in changing the faces of cities. The boundaries of the study were determined as the applications obtained through competitions between 1930-1980. The year 1930 was taken as a reference as the date when the competitions were first opened; the year 1980 was accepted as the boundary due to the change experienced throughout the country with the military intervention, the amendment made in the competition regulations and the paradigm shift. In the study, the definitions, values and criteria of modern architectural heritage are compared through international conservation organisations, international/national conservation documents and sample countries, and as a result, an "evaluation model" is developed to investigate the heritage values of the applications obtained through competition projects in Turkey. The competitions were analyzed using eight themes that were determined based on the study titled "The Twentieth-Century Historic Thematic Framework: A Tool for Assessing Heritage Places", developed in cooperation with ISC20C and the Getty Conservation Institute in 2021. The 29 buildings selected from these themes were evaluated according to the building analysis sheets in which the evaluation model was integrated. As a result of the study, it has been understood that this model can be used as a basis not only for architectural project competitions, but also for the determination of the values of modern architectural heritage buildings in Turkey. In addition, it has been concluded that "being built through a competition project" should be considered as a stand-alone criterion in the criteria and value determination studies to be carried out on modern architectural heritage in Turkey.
Açıklama
Doktora Tezi
Anahtar Kelimeler
20. Yüzyıl Mimarlığı, Değerlendirme Modeli, Modern Mimarlık Mirası, Mimari Proje Yarışması, Mimari Koruma, Tematik Çerçeve, 20th Century Architecture, Architectural Conservation, Architectural Project Competition, Evaluation Model, Modern Architectural Heritage, Thematic Framework
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Künye
Bülbül Bahtiyar, T. (2024). Türkiye'de yarışma yoluyla elde edilmiş uygulamaların (1930-1980) modern mimarlık mirası kapsamında değerlendirilmesi. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Mimarlık Anabilim Dalı, Konya.
