Asymmetric effects of the defense burden on environmental degradation: Evidence from NATO countries
Yükleniyor...
Tarih
2023
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
MDPI
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Rapid industrialization tends to occur at the expense of natural resources. Thus, countries
are inclined to control natural resources for their development objectives, which may create conflicts
when countries allocate scarce resources to national defense. As a major military block, NATO
poses a potential threat to environmental degradation, as it comprises large industrialized arms
manufacturers and military spenders. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the asymmetric
effects of the defense burden on environmental degradation, which has rarely been studied in the
empirical literature. Panel ARDL and NARDL methodologies were used to analyze the period
1965–2018 for the 15 oldest members of NATO. The findings of the panel ARDL analysis do not
indicate any significant effect of the defense burden (ME) on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) in
the long term. On the other hand, panel NARDL analysis indicates that the effect of the defense
burden on carbon emissions is asymmetric; a 1% negative change in ME leads to a 0.08% drop in CO2
emissions in the long term. In line with these findings, the results of panel causality tests verify the
validity of the treadmill of destruction theory.
Açıklama
Makale
WOS:000908863500001
WOS:000908863500001
Anahtar Kelimeler
Environmental Degradation, Defense Burden, Panel ARDL, Panel NARDL, Panel Causality
Kaynak
Sustainability
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Q1
Cilt
15
Sayı
1
Künye
Çolak, O., Gümüş Özuyar, S. E., Bölükbaşı, Ö. F. (2023). Asymmetric effects of the defense burden on environmental degradation: Evidence from NATO countries. Sustainability, 15, 1, 1-17.
