Asymmetric effects of the defense burden on environmental degradation: Evidence from NATO countries

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dc.authoridOlcay Çolak: 0000-0002-0794-8449en_US
dc.authoridSevilay Ece Gümüş Özuyar: 0000-0002-1957-3648en_US
dc.authoridÖmer Faruk Bölükbaşı: 0000-0002-0106-0713en_US
dc.contributor.authorÇolak, Olcay
dc.contributor.authorGümüş Özuyar, Sevilay Ece
dc.contributor.authorBölükbaşı, Ömer Faruk
dc.date.accessioned2023-04-06T11:39:04Z
dc.date.available2023-04-06T11:39:04Z
dc.date.issued2023en_US
dc.departmentNEÜ, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, Maliye Bölümüen_US
dc.descriptionMakaleen_US
dc.descriptionWOS:000908863500001en_US
dc.description.abstractRapid industrialization tends to occur at the expense of natural resources. Thus, countries are inclined to control natural resources for their development objectives, which may create conflicts when countries allocate scarce resources to national defense. As a major military block, NATO poses a potential threat to environmental degradation, as it comprises large industrialized arms manufacturers and military spenders. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the asymmetric effects of the defense burden on environmental degradation, which has rarely been studied in the empirical literature. Panel ARDL and NARDL methodologies were used to analyze the period 1965–2018 for the 15 oldest members of NATO. The findings of the panel ARDL analysis do not indicate any significant effect of the defense burden (ME) on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) in the long term. On the other hand, panel NARDL analysis indicates that the effect of the defense burden on carbon emissions is asymmetric; a 1% negative change in ME leads to a 0.08% drop in CO2 emissions in the long term. In line with these findings, the results of panel causality tests verify the validity of the treadmill of destruction theory.en_US
dc.identifier.citationÇolak, O., Gümüş Özuyar, S. E., Bölükbaşı, Ö. F. (2023). Asymmetric effects of the defense burden on environmental degradation: Evidence from NATO countries. Sustainability, 15, 1, 1-17.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/su15010573en_US
dc.identifier.endpage17en_US
dc.identifier.issn2071-1050en_US
dc.identifier.issue1en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1en_US
dc.identifier.startpage1en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010573
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12452/9383
dc.identifier.volume15en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000908863500001en_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Scienceen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopusen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.relation.ispartofSustainabilityen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.subjectEnvironmental Degradationen_US
dc.subjectDefense Burdenen_US
dc.subjectPanel ARDLen_US
dc.subjectPanel NARDLen_US
dc.subjectPanel Causalityen_US
dc.titleAsymmetric effects of the defense burden on environmental degradation: Evidence from NATO countriesen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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