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    Assessment of Ocular Surface in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2020) Oltulu, Refik; Turk, Huseyin Bugra; Oltulu, Pembe; Turk, Nazli; Satirtav, Gunhal; Gunduz, Mehmet Kemal
    Purpose: To evaluate the clinical findings and ocular surface changes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods: This prospective study involved 45 patients with AS (group 1) and 28 healthy subjects (group 2). Patients in group 1 were in the inactive period. The study subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic examination. The right eyes of the subjects in each group were tested for the study including slit-lamp examination, Schirmer I test, tear break-up time (TBUT), conjunctival impression cytology (CIC), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI). Results between the two groups were compared. Results: The mean Schirmer I test result was found as 12.2 +/- 8 mm in group 1 and 20.3 +/- 9.9 mm in group 2 (P<0.001), whereas the mean TBUT value was found as 3.8 +/- 1.9 sec in group 1 and 10.1 +/- 4.8 sec in group 2 (P<0.001). The OSDI scores were significantly higher in group 1 (36.5 +/- 19.4) than in group 2 (9.1 +/- 12.9, P<0.001). The CIC scores were significantly higher in group 1 (2.12 +/- 0.7) than in group 2 (0.57 +/- 0.6, P<0.001). Notably, none of the patients in group 1 showed grade 0 differentiation, and none of the patients in group 2 showed grade 2 or 3 differentiation. The CIC scores were significantly higher in group 1 (2.12 +/- 0.7) than in group 2 (0.57 +/- 0.6, P<0.001). Conclusion: Ocular surface changes, including squamous metaplasia in the bulbar conjunctiva, can be observed in patients with AS.
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    Conjunctival impression cytology and tear film parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis
    (Springer, 2022) Belviranli, Selman; Oltulu, Pembe; Uca, Ali Ulvi; Gundogan, Ali Osman; Mirza, Enver; Altas, Mustafa; Turk, Nazli
    Purpose To evaluate conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) findings and tear film parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with controls. Methods Thirty-three patients with MS (MS group) and 33 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects (control group) were included in this cross-sectional comparative study. CIC grades, tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer 1 test results, and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores were compared between the two groups, and correlations between CIC grade, TBUT, Schirmer 1 test result, OSDI score, Expanded Disability Status Scale score, and disease duration were analyzed. Results Mean CIC grade was higher in the MS group than in the control group (1.48 +/- 0.71 and 0.39 +/- 0.56, respectively; p < 0.001). In the MS group, CIC of the 14 participants (42.4%) was grade 2-3. In the control group, CIC of the only one participant (3.3%) was grade 2, and none of them was grade 3. TBUT (8.12 +/- 3.16, 13.06 +/- 4.23 s in MS and control groups, respectively; p < 0.001) and Schirmer 1 test results (8.45 +/- 5.75, 17.36 +/- 10.89 mm in MS and control groups, respectively; p < 0.001) were lower, and OSDI score (36.36 +/- 19.19, 13.70 +/- 15.36 in MS and control groups, respectively; p < 0.001) was higher in the MS group compared to the control group. Conclusion In patients with MS, objective findings of dry eye, subjective symptoms related to dry eye, and CIC abnormalities, including high grades of conjunctival squamous metaplasia and goblet cell loss, are more common. Patients with MS should be monitored for ocular surface alterations and dry eye disease.
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    The ocular surface findings in alopecia areata patients: clinical parameters and impression cytology
    (Springer, 2022) Oltulu, Pembe; Oltulu, Refik; Turk, Huseyin Bugra; Turk, Nazli; Kilinc, Fahriye; Belviranli, Selman; Mirza, Enver
    Purpose The objective of this study was to examine the effects of alopecia areata (AA) on the ocular surface and conjunctival cytology. Methods A total of 48 subjects were included in the present study. Twenty-three subjects were assigned to group 1 as the patient group, and 25 healthy individuals were included in group 2 as the control group. The ocular surface examination was performed, and the right eyes of all participants were included in the analysis. Both groups underwent the following tests for evaluation of ocular surface: tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer I test, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), and conjunctival impression cytology (CIC). Results obtained from the tests were then analyzed and compared between the groups. Results The mean TBUT value was significantly lower in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (4.96 +/- 3.4 vs 10.52 +/- 4.8 s) (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 in terms of the mean Schirmer I test score (p = 0.129). The mean OSDI score was higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (15.48 +/- 10.4 vs 9.61 +/- 13.4), but the difference between both groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.1). The mean CIC score was statistically significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (1.65 +/- 0.7 vs 0.52 +/- 0.5) (p < 0.001). Conclusion The results of this study showed that AA was correlated with significant disturbances in conjunctival cytology and the tear function.
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    Tear Function Alterations and Conjunctival Impression Cytology Findings in Patients With Gout
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2021) Belviranli, Selman; Turk, Huseyin B.; Oltulu, Pembe; Turk, Nazli; Mirza, Enver; Kucuk, Adem; Aydemir, Harun
    Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the tear functions and conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) findings of patients with gout and compare them with healthy controls. Methods: Thirty-four patients with gout (group 1) and 32 age-matched and gender-matched healthy individuals (group 2) were included in this cross-sectional study. Schirmer 1 test, tear breakup time (TBUT), Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score, and CIC grade were evaluated and compared between the groups. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups in gender and age (P=0.923 and P=0.078, respectively). The mean of Schirmer 1 test result was significantly lower in group 1 (9.74 +/- 6.03 mm) than that in group 2 (17.16 +/- 9.33 mm) (P<0.001). The TBUT was also significantly lower in group 1 (7.00 +/- 2.09 seconds) than that in group 2 (12.75 +/- 5.25 seconds) (P<0.001). The OSDI score (20.04 +/- 12.92) was significantly higher in group 1 than that in group 2 (6.19 +/- 10.07) (P<0.001). Although 10 patients (29.4%) in group 1 had the CIC grade of 2 to 3, none of the controls had CIC grade 2 to 3. The mean CIC grade in group 1 (1.15 +/- 0.89) was significantly higher than that in group 2 (0.47 +/- 0.51) (P<0.001). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that ocular surface alterations assessed by CIC and tear function abnormalities are more common in patients with gout.