Kamu Diplomasisi ve Yerel Yönetimler: Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi Örneği
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Türkiye'de yerel yönetimlerin doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak sınır ötesi yerel ve bölgesel yönetimlerle iletişim içerisinde olduğu bir gerçektir. Ülkenin dış politika hedefleri, araçları ve kaynak kullanımı konusunda aktörler arası yetki paylaşımı, koordinasyon ve eşgüdüm konularında belirsizlikler vardır. Ancak buna rağmen uluslararası ilişkilerdeki çeşitlilik ve zenginleşme devam etmektedir. Yerel yönetimler, ulaşım ve iletişim teknolojilerinin gelişmesine uygun olarak, uluslararası ilişkilerin yeni bir aktörü haline gelmiştir. Yerel yönetimlerin katılımıyla kurulan ve idare edilen uluslararası birlikler her geçen gün artmakta, bunlardan bazıları önemli çalışmalara imza atmaktadır. Yerel yönetimler arasında, uluslararası kardeş şehir münasebetleri artmakta, genel kültürel dostluk ilişkilerinin yanında daha özel boyutlar da eklenerek yerel diplomasi gelişmeye devam etmektedir. Merkezî yönetim, dış politikasına uygun olarak oluşturduğu yeni kurum ve kuruluşlarıyla yerel yönetimlerin uluslararasılaşmasında lokomotif rol oynamaktadır. Uluslararası kurum ve kuruluşların doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak yerel yönetimleri kapsayan fon ve projeleri artış göstermekte, yerel yönetimlerin dünyaya açılmasına önemli katkılar vermektedir. Yerel yönetimlerin yurt dışı ilişkileri, merkezî yönetimin ulusal dış politikasına destek olma, saygınlık kazanma, know-how ve maddi kazanç sağlama, özellikle ortak kültür coğrafyasına dönük milli ve dini duygularla yardımcı olma yolu olarak görmektedir. Lakin özellikle kamu diplomasisi alanında yapılan çalışmalarda klasik diplomasi dışı aktörlere ve faaliyetlerine geniş yer verilirken, yerel yönetimlerin sınır ötesi ilişki ve faaliyetlerine hiç değinilmediği, kamu diplomasisi çerçevesinde ele alınmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Oysa Türkiye'de yerel yönetimlerin yurt dışı ilişkileri büyük oranda kamu diplomasisi çerçevesinde değerlendirilebilir bir nitelik arz etmektedir. Türkiye'deki yerel yönetimlerin kamu diplomasisi yoluyla dış politikaya olan katkısı bazı istisnalar dışında merkezî hükûmet ve yerel yönetimler arasında karşılıklı iş birliği yoluyla diğer bir deyişle karşılıklı bağımlılık teorisi çerçevesinde gerçekleşmektedir. Türkiye'de bulunan yerel yönetimler yabancı ülkelerde sürdürdükleri faaliyetler ile ülkenin dış politikasına ve kamu diplomasisine ya zemin hazırlamakta ya da altyapısını oluşturmaktadır. Dolayısıyla kamu diplomasisi alanındaki akademik çalışmalarda, uluslararası ilişkiler ve dış politika araştırmalarında yerel yönetimlerin sınır ötesi ilişkileri ve artan önemi ciddiyetle ele alınmalıdır. Türkiye'deki yerel yönetimlerin kamu diplomasisi yoluyla dış politikaya olan katkısı bazı istisnalar dışında merkezî hükûmet ve yerel yönetimler arasında karşılıklı iş birliği yoluyla diğer bir deyişle karşılıklı bağımlılık teorisi çerçevesinde gerçekleşmektedir. Türkiye'de bulunan yerel yönetimler yabancı ülkelerde sürdürdükleri faaliyetler ile ülkenin dış politikasına ve kamu diplomasisine ya zemin hazırlamakta ya da temellerini oluşturmaktadır. Dolayısıyla kamu diplomasisi alanındaki akademik çalışmalarda, uluslararası ilişkiler ve dış politika araştırmalarında yerel yönetimlerin sınır ötesi ilişkileri ve artan önemi ciddiyetle ele alınmalıdır. Bu çalışmada, bu noktadan hareketle, öncelikle şehir kavramı ele alınmış, yerel diplomasi, şehir diplomasisi, paradiplomasi gibi kavramlar ile şehir diplomasisinin tarihî seyri ve uluslararası alandaki anlayış farklılıkları irdelenmiştir. Sonra, Türkiye'deki mevcut durumun hukuki ve siyasi arka planı ve fiili durumu hakkında tespitler yapılarak, yerel yönetimlerin yerel diplomasi uygulama mekanizmaları ve hedefleri konusunda literatür taraması, gözlem, anket ve röportajlara dayalı değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur. Daha sonra, Türkiye'nin yerel diplomasi uygulama örneği olarak, Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesinin yurt dışı ilişkileri ele alınmış, ortaya konan teorik çerçeve kapsamında analiz edilmiştir. Türkiye'de yerel yönetimler, pek çok aşamadan geçerek bugünkü haline ulaşmıştır. Yerel yönetimlerin yurt dışı ilişkileri konusunda da son dönemlerde iyi bir ivme yakaladığı söylenebilir. Elbette bu konuda bulunan bazı eksiklikler sorunlara yol açsa da uzun vadeli dönemde yerel yönetimler hem yurt dışı ilişkiler konusunda hem de kamu diplomasisi konusunda daha fazla öne çıkmaktadır.
It is a fact that local governments in Turkey are in direct or indirect communication with cross-border local and regional governments. There are uncertainties regarding the country's foreign policy goals, tools and resource use, regarding the sharing of power, coordination and coordination among actors. However, despite this, the diversity and enrichment in international relations continues. Local governments have become a new actor of international relations in parallel with the development of transportation and communication technologies. International unions established and managed with the participation of local governments are increasing day by day, and some of them are signing important works. Relations between local governments are increasing in international sister city relations, and local diplomacy continues to develop by adding more specific dimensions in addition to general cultural friendship relations. The central government plays a leading role in the internationalization of local governments with the new institutions and organizations it has created in parallel with its foreign policy. Funds and projects of international institutions and organizations, which directly or indirectly cover local governments, are increasing, making significant contributions to opening local governments to the world. Local governments see international relations as a way of supporting the national foreign policy of the central government, gaining prestige, gaining know-how and financial gain, and helping with national and religious feelings especially towards the common cultural geography. However, especially in the studies conducted in the field of public diplomacy, it has been determined that while classical non-diplomatic actors and their activities are widely covered, cross-border relations and activities of local governments are not mentioned at all and are not addressed within the framework of public diplomacy. As it can be seen, the dimension of international relations of local governments in public diplomacy studies and the dimension of public diplomacy in studies of international relations of local administrations are generally not addressed. However, in Turkey, the international relations of local administrations can be evaluated within the framework of public diplomacy to a large extent. With some exceptions, the contribution of local governments in Turkey to foreign policy through public diplomacy is realized through mutual cooperation between the central government and local governments, in other words, within the framework of the theory of interdependence. Local governments in Turkey either prepare the ground or fill the ground for the foreign policy and public diplomacy of the country with their activities in foreign countries. Therefore, in academic studies in the field of public diplomacy, in international relations and foreign policy research, the cross-border relations of local governments and their increasing importance should be taken seriously. With some exceptions, the contribution of local governments in Turkey to foreign policy through public diplomacy is realized through mutual cooperation between the central government and local governments, in other words, within the framework of the theory of interdependence. Local governments in Turkey either prepare the ground or fill the ground for the foreign policy and public diplomacy of the country with their activities in foreign countries. Therefore, in academic studies in the field of public diplomacy, international relations and foreign policy research, the cross-border relations of local governments and their increasing importance should be taken seriously. In this study, starting from this point, firstly the concept of the city was discussed, concepts such as local diplomacy, city diplomacy, paradiplomacy, the historical course of city diplomacy and differences in understanding in the international arena were examined. Then, determinations were made about the legal and political backgrounds and actual situation of the current situation in Turkey, and evaluations were made based on literature review, observations, surveys and interviews about local diplomacy implementation mechanisms and targets of local governments. Then, as an example of local diplomacy practice of Turkey, the foreign relations of Konya Metropolitan Municipality were discussed and analyzed within the scope of the theoretical framework. Local governments in Turkey have reached their present state by going through many stages. It can be said that local governments have gained a good momentum in their foreign relations recently. Of course, although some deficiencies in this matter cause problems, in the long term, local governments will come to the fore in both foreign relations and public diplomacy.
It is a fact that local governments in Turkey are in direct or indirect communication with cross-border local and regional governments. There are uncertainties regarding the country's foreign policy goals, tools and resource use, regarding the sharing of power, coordination and coordination among actors. However, despite this, the diversity and enrichment in international relations continues. Local governments have become a new actor of international relations in parallel with the development of transportation and communication technologies. International unions established and managed with the participation of local governments are increasing day by day, and some of them are signing important works. Relations between local governments are increasing in international sister city relations, and local diplomacy continues to develop by adding more specific dimensions in addition to general cultural friendship relations. The central government plays a leading role in the internationalization of local governments with the new institutions and organizations it has created in parallel with its foreign policy. Funds and projects of international institutions and organizations, which directly or indirectly cover local governments, are increasing, making significant contributions to opening local governments to the world. Local governments see international relations as a way of supporting the national foreign policy of the central government, gaining prestige, gaining know-how and financial gain, and helping with national and religious feelings especially towards the common cultural geography. However, especially in the studies conducted in the field of public diplomacy, it has been determined that while classical non-diplomatic actors and their activities are widely covered, cross-border relations and activities of local governments are not mentioned at all and are not addressed within the framework of public diplomacy. As it can be seen, the dimension of international relations of local governments in public diplomacy studies and the dimension of public diplomacy in studies of international relations of local administrations are generally not addressed. However, in Turkey, the international relations of local administrations can be evaluated within the framework of public diplomacy to a large extent. With some exceptions, the contribution of local governments in Turkey to foreign policy through public diplomacy is realized through mutual cooperation between the central government and local governments, in other words, within the framework of the theory of interdependence. Local governments in Turkey either prepare the ground or fill the ground for the foreign policy and public diplomacy of the country with their activities in foreign countries. Therefore, in academic studies in the field of public diplomacy, in international relations and foreign policy research, the cross-border relations of local governments and their increasing importance should be taken seriously. With some exceptions, the contribution of local governments in Turkey to foreign policy through public diplomacy is realized through mutual cooperation between the central government and local governments, in other words, within the framework of the theory of interdependence. Local governments in Turkey either prepare the ground or fill the ground for the foreign policy and public diplomacy of the country with their activities in foreign countries. Therefore, in academic studies in the field of public diplomacy, international relations and foreign policy research, the cross-border relations of local governments and their increasing importance should be taken seriously. In this study, starting from this point, firstly the concept of the city was discussed, concepts such as local diplomacy, city diplomacy, paradiplomacy, the historical course of city diplomacy and differences in understanding in the international arena were examined. Then, determinations were made about the legal and political backgrounds and actual situation of the current situation in Turkey, and evaluations were made based on literature review, observations, surveys and interviews about local diplomacy implementation mechanisms and targets of local governments. Then, as an example of local diplomacy practice of Turkey, the foreign relations of Konya Metropolitan Municipality were discussed and analyzed within the scope of the theoretical framework. Local governments in Turkey have reached their present state by going through many stages. It can be said that local governments have gained a good momentum in their foreign relations recently. Of course, although some deficiencies in this matter cause problems, in the long term, local governments will come to the fore in both foreign relations and public diplomacy.
Açıklama
Doktora Tezi
Anahtar Kelimeler
Türkiye’de yerel yönetimler, Yerel diplomasi, Kamu diplomasisi, Yerel yönetimlerin yurt dışı ilişkileri, Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi, Local governments in Turkey, Local diplomacy, Foreign relations of local governments, Konya Metropolitan Municipality
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Güleç, S. Y. (2021). Kamu diplomasisi ve yerel yönetimler: Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi örneği. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, Konya.
